render collada scene

2026-04-11 22:27:12 -05:00 · 2026-04-11 22:27:12 -05:00 · 0a33f58f04
commit 0a33f58f04
parent 1456e04200
23 changed files with 4821 additions and 183 deletions
--- a/14
+++ b/14
@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ CFLAGS += -Wno-error=array-bounds
 CFLAGS += -Wno-unknown-pragmas
 CFLAGS += -fno-strict-aliasing
 CFLAGS += -I./include
+CFLAGS += -I./data
 CFLAGS += -I../SDL3-dist/include
 CFLAGS += -fpic

-FLAGS += -fstack-protector -fstack-protector-all -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=address
+#FLAGS += -fstack-protector -fstack-protector-all -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=address

 LDFLAGS += -lm
 ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)
@ -40,7 +41,14 @@ OBJS = \
 	src/volk/volk.o \
 	src/file.o \
 	src/pack.o \
-	src/dds_validate.o
+	src/dds_validate.o \
+	src/vulkan_helper.o \
+	src/collada/scene/vulkan.o \
+	src/collada/scene.o \
+	src/collada/node_state.o
+
+SCENES = \
+	data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.o

 ifeq ($(UNAME),Darwin)
 LIBS = \
@ -61,7 +69,7 @@ all: main
 %.o: %.s
 	$(AS) $< -o $@

-main: $(OBJS) $(LIBS) $(BINS) $(SHADERS)
+main: $(OBJS) $(LIBS) $(SCENES)
 	$(CC) $(ARCH) $(LDFLAGS) $(FLAGS) $(OPT) $(DEBUG) $^ -o $@

 %.spv: %.hlsl
--- a/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.DAE
+++ b/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.DAE
--- a/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.cpp
+++ b/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.cpp
--- a/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.h
+++ b/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.h
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+namespace shadow_test {
+extern collada::types::descriptor const descriptor;
+}
--- a/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.idx
+++ b/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.idx
--- a/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.vjw
+++ b/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.vjw
--- a/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.vtx
+++ b/data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.vtx
--- a/filenames.txt
+++ b/filenames.txt
@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 shader/triangle.spv
+shader/collada.spv
+data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.vtx
+data/scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.idx
 checker.idx
 checker.vtx
 checker.data
--- a/include/check.h
+++ b/include/check.h
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#define SDL_CHECK(f) \
+  { \
+    bool result = (f); \
+    if (result != true) { \
+      fprintf(stderr, "SDL: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError()); \
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
+    } \
+  }
+
+#define SDL_CHECK_NONNULL(f) \
+  { \
+    void * ptr = (void *)(f); \
+    if (ptr == nullptr) { \
+      fprintf(stderr, "SDL: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError()); \
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
+    } \
+  }
+
+#define VK_CHECK(f) \
+  { \
+    VkResult result = (f); \
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) { \
+      fprintf(stderr, "VK: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, string_VkResult(result)); \
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
+    } \
+  }
+
+#define VK_CHECK_SWAPCHAIN(f) \
+  { \
+    VkResult result = (f); \
+    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) { \
+      updateSwapchain = true; \
+    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) { \
+      fprintf(stderr, "VK: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, string_VkResult(result)); \
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
+    } \
+  }
+
+#define ASSERT(expr, msg) \
+  { \
+    bool result = (expr); \
+    if (result != true) { \
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, msg); \
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
+    } \
+  }
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) // MSVC
+#define UNREACHABLE() __assume(false);
+#else // GCC, Clang
+#define UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable();
+#endif
--- a/include/collada/inputs.h
+++ b/include/collada/inputs.h
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "collada/types.h"
+
+namespace collada::inputs {
+  inline static uint32_t format_size(types::input_format format)
+  {
+    switch (format) {
+    case types::input_format::FLOAT1: return 1 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::FLOAT2: return 2 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::FLOAT3: return 3 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::FLOAT4: return 4 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::INT1: return 1 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::INT2: return 2 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::INT3: return 3 * 4;
+    case types::input_format::INT4: return 4 * 4;
+    default: assert(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static types::input_element const input_elements_blendindices_0_4_blendweight_0_4[] = {
+    {
+      .semantic = "BLENDINDICES",
+      .semantic_index = 0,
+      .format = types::input_format::INT4,
+    },
+    {
+      .semantic = "BLENDWEIGHT",
+      .semantic_index = 0,
+      .format = types::input_format::FLOAT4,
+    },
+  };
+
+  static types::inputs const skin_inputs = {
+    .elements = input_elements_blendindices_0_4_blendweight_0_4,
+    .elements_count = 2,
+  };
+}
--- a/include/collada/instance_types.h
+++ b/include/collada/instance_types.h
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "directxmath/directxmath.h"
+
+#include "collada/types.h"
+
+namespace collada::instance_types {
+
+  struct XM_ALIGNED_DATA(16) lookat {
+    XMVECTOR eye;
+    XMVECTOR at;
+    XMVECTOR up;
+  };
+
+  struct XM_ALIGNED_DATA(16) transform {
+    union {
+      instance_types::lookat lookat;
+      XMMATRIX matrix;
+      XMVECTOR vector;
+    };
+    types::transform_type type;
+  };
+
+  struct node {
+    // immutable state
+    types::node const * node;
+
+    // mutable state
+    transform * transforms;
+    XMMATRIX world;
+  };
+}
--- a/include/collada/node_state.h
+++ b/include/collada/node_state.h
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "collada/types.h"
+#include "collada/instance_types.h"
+
+namespace collada::node_state {
+  struct state {
+    instance_types::node * node_instances;
+
+    void allocate_node_instances(types::node const * const * const nodes, int nodes_count);
+    void update_node_world_transform(instance_types::node & node_instance);
+  };
+};
--- a/include/collada/scene.h
+++ b/include/collada/scene.h
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "collada/types.h"
+#include "collada/instance_types.h"
+#include "collada/node_state.h"
+
+#include "collada/scene/vulkan.h"
+
+namespace collada::scene {
+  struct state {
+    types::descriptor const * descriptor;
+    node_state::state node_state;
+
+    collada::scene::vulkan vulkan;
+
+    void load_scene(types::descriptor const * const descriptor);
+    void draw();
+
+    void update(XMMATRIX const & projection,
+                XMMATRIX const & view,
+                float t);
+  };
+}
--- a/include/collada/scene/vulkan.h
+++ b/include/collada/scene/vulkan.h
@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "volk/volk.h"
+
+#include "collada/types.h"
+#include "collada/instance_types.h"
+#include "collada/scene/vulkan.h"
+
+#include "shader_data.h"
+
+namespace collada::scene {
+  struct vulkan {
+    // externally initialized, opaque handle
+    VkInstance instance;
+    VkDevice device;
+    VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
+    VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
+    // externally initialized, structures
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties physicalDeviceMemoryProperties;
+    // externally initialized, enum
+    VkFormat colorFormat;
+    VkFormat depthFormat;
+    // externally initialized, pointers
+    ShaderData * shaderData;
+    ShaderDataDevice const * shaderDataDevice;
+
+    // method initialized
+    VkShaderModule shaderModule;
+    VkPipeline * pipelines;
+    struct {
+      VkDeviceSize indexOffset;
+      VkBuffer buffer;
+      VkDeviceMemory memory;
+    } vertexIndex;
+
+    // per-frame
+    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
+    uint32_t frameIndex;
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // called directly
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    void initial_state(VkInstance instance,
+                       VkDevice device,
+                       VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout,
+                       VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout,
+                       VkPhysicalDeviceProperties const & physicalDeviceProperties,
+                       VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                       VkFormat colorFormat,
+                       VkFormat depthFormat,
+                       ShaderData * shaderData,
+                       ShaderDataDevice const * shaderDataDevice);
+
+    void per_frame_state(uint32_t frameIndex);
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // called by initial_state
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    void load_shader();
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // called by state::load_scene
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    void load_vertex_index_buffer(char const * vertex_filename,
+                                  char const * index_filename);
+    void create_pipelines(collada::types::descriptor const * const descriptor);
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // called by state::draw
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    void draw_geometry(types::geometry const & geometry,
+                       types::instance_material const * const instance_materials,
+                       int const instance_materials_count);
+
+    void draw_instance_geometries(types::instance_geometry const * const instance_geometries,
+                                  int const instance_geometries_count);
+
+    void draw_node(int32_t node_index,
+                   types::node const & node,
+                   instance_types::node const & node_instance);
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // called by state::update
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    void transfer_transforms(XMMATRIX const & projection,
+                             XMMATRIX const & view,
+                             int nodes_count,
+                             instance_types::node const * const node_instances);
+  };
+}
--- a/include/collada/types.h
+++ b/include/collada/types.h
@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace collada::types {
+
+  struct float2 {
+    float const x;
+    float const y;
+  };
+
+  struct float3 {
+    float const x;
+    float const y;
+    float const z;
+  };
+
+  struct float4 {
+    float const x;
+    float const y;
+    float const z;
+    float const w;
+  };
+
+  struct float7 {
+    float const a;
+    float const b;
+    float const c;
+    float const d;
+    float const e;
+    float const f;
+    float const g;
+  };
+
+  struct matrix {
+    float const _11, _12, _13, _14;
+    float const _21, _22, _23, _24;
+    float const _31, _32, _33, _34;
+    float const _41, _42, _43, _44;
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // geometry
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  enum class input_format {
+    FLOAT1,
+    FLOAT2,
+    FLOAT3,
+    FLOAT4,
+    INT1,
+    INT2,
+    INT3,
+    INT4,
+  };
+
+  struct input_element {
+    char const * const semantic;
+    int const semantic_index;
+    enum input_format const format;
+  };
+
+  // inputs uniqueness is by evaluted pointer
+  struct inputs {
+    input_element const * const elements;
+    int const elements_count;
+  };
+
+  struct triangles {
+    int const count;
+    int const index_offset;
+    int const inputs_index;
+  };
+
+  struct mesh {
+    // `triangles` must become a union if non-triangles are implemented.
+    // instance_geometry is an index into this array.
+    types::triangles const * triangles;
+    int const triangles_count;
+
+    int const vertex_buffer_offset;
+    int const vertex_buffer_size;
+
+    int const index_buffer_offset;
+    int const index_buffer_size;
+  };
+
+  struct geometry {
+    types::mesh mesh;
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // light
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  enum class light_type {
+    AMBIENT,
+    DIRECTIONAL,
+    POINT,
+    SPOT,
+  };
+
+  struct light {
+    light_type type;
+    float3 color;
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // image
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  struct image {
+    const char * uri;
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // effect
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  enum class color_or_texture_type {
+    COLOR,
+    TEXTURE,
+  };
+
+  struct texture {
+    int const image_index; // index in to images
+  };
+
+  struct color_or_texture {
+    color_or_texture_type type;
+    union {
+      float4 color;
+      types::texture texture;
+    };
+  };
+
+  struct blinn {
+    color_or_texture const emission;
+    color_or_texture const ambient;
+    color_or_texture const diffuse;
+    color_or_texture const specular;
+    float const shininess;
+    color_or_texture const reflective;
+    float const reflectivity;
+    color_or_texture const transparent;
+    float const transparency;
+    float const index_of_refraction;
+  };
+
+  struct lambert {
+    color_or_texture const emission;
+    color_or_texture const ambient;
+    color_or_texture const diffuse;
+    color_or_texture const reflective;
+    float const reflectivity;
+    color_or_texture const transparent;
+    float const transparency;
+    float const index_of_refraction;
+  };
+
+  struct phong {
+    color_or_texture const emission;
+    color_or_texture const ambient;
+    color_or_texture const diffuse;
+    color_or_texture const specular;
+    float const shininess;
+    color_or_texture const reflective;
+    float const reflectivity;
+    color_or_texture const transparent;
+    float const transparency;
+    float const index_of_refraction;
+  };
+
+  struct constant {
+    float4 const color;
+    color_or_texture const reflective;
+    float const reflectivity;
+    color_or_texture const transparent;
+    float const transparency;
+    float const index_of_refraction;
+  };
+
+  enum class effect_type {
+    BLINN,
+    LAMBERT,
+    PHONG,
+    CONSTANT,
+  };
+
+  struct effect {
+    effect_type const type;
+    union {
+      types::blinn const blinn;
+      types::lambert const lambert;
+      types::phong const phong;
+      types::constant const constant;
+    };
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // node
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  struct lookat {
+    float3 const eye;
+    float3 const at;
+    float3 const up;
+  };
+
+  enum class transform_type {
+    LOOKAT,
+    MATRIX,
+    ROTATE,
+    SCALE,
+    SKEW,
+    TRANSLATE,
+  };
+
+  struct transform {
+    transform_type const type;
+    union {
+      types::lookat const lookat;
+      types::matrix const matrix;
+      float4 const rotate;
+      float3 const scale;
+      float7 const skew;
+      float3 const translate;
+    };
+  };
+
+  enum class node_type {
+    JOINT,
+    NODE,
+  };
+
+  struct material {
+    types::effect const * const effect;
+  };
+
+  struct bind_vertex_input {
+    int input_set; // TEXCOORD semantic input slot
+  };
+
+  struct instance_material {
+    int const element_index; // an index into mesh.triangles
+    types::material const * const material;
+
+    // heavily simplified from collada data model
+    bind_vertex_input const emission;
+    bind_vertex_input const ambient;
+    bind_vertex_input const diffuse;
+    bind_vertex_input const specular;
+  };
+
+  struct instance_geometry {
+    types::geometry const * const geometry;
+
+    instance_material const * const instance_materials;
+    int const instance_materials_count;
+  };
+
+  struct skin {
+    types::geometry const * const geometry; // source
+
+    matrix const bind_shape_matrix; // one per skin
+    matrix const * const inverse_bind_matrices; // one per joint
+
+    int const vertex_buffer_offset;
+    int const vertex_buffer_size;
+  };
+
+  struct controller {
+    types::skin skin;
+  };
+
+  struct instance_controller {
+    types::controller const * const controller;
+
+    //node const * const skeleton; // a reference to the root of the joint heirarchy
+
+    int const * const joint_node_indices; // one per joint
+    int const joint_count;
+
+    instance_material const * const instance_materials;
+    int const instance_materials_count;
+  };
+
+  struct instance_light {
+    types::light const * const light;
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // animation
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  enum class interpolation {
+    LINEAR,
+    BEZIER,
+  };
+
+  struct source {
+    union {
+      float const * const float_array;
+      enum interpolation const * const interpolation_array;
+    };
+    int const count;
+    int const stride;
+  };
+
+  struct sampler {
+    source const input;
+    source const output;
+    source const in_tangent;
+    source const out_tangent;
+    source const interpolation;
+  };
+
+  enum class target_attribute {
+    A, // alpha color component
+    ANGLE, // euler angle
+    B, // blue color component
+    G, // green color component
+    P, // third texture component
+    Q, // fourth texture component
+    R, // red color component
+    S, // first texture coordinate
+    T, // second texture coordinate
+    TIME, // time in seconds
+    U, // first generic parameter
+    V, // second generic parameter
+    W, // fourth cartesian coordinate
+    X, // first cartesian coordinate
+    Y, // second cartesian coordinate
+    Z, // third cartesian coordinate
+    ALL,
+  };
+
+  struct channel {
+    sampler const * const source_sampler;
+    int const target_node_index; // an index into the nodes array
+    int const target_transform_index;
+    types::target_attribute const target_attribute;
+  };
+
+  /*
+  struct animation {
+    animation const * const animations; // nested animations
+    int const animations_count;
+
+    channels const * const channels;
+    int const channels_count;
+  };
+  */
+
+  struct camera {
+    float xfov;
+    float yfov;
+    float znear;
+    float zfar;
+    float aspect_ratio;
+  };
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // scene
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  struct node {
+    char const * name;
+
+    int const parent_index;
+
+    node_type const type;
+
+    transform const * const transforms;
+    int const transforms_count;
+
+    instance_geometry const * const instance_geometries;
+    int const instance_geometries_count;
+
+    instance_controller const * const instance_controllers;
+    int const instance_controllers_count;
+
+    instance_light const * const instance_lights;
+    int const instance_lights_count;
+
+    channel const * const * const channels;
+    int const channels_count;
+
+    //node const * const * const nodes;
+    //int const nodes_count;
+  };
+
+  struct descriptor {
+    // these are only the top-level nodes; nodes may have children
+    node const * const * const nodes;
+    int const nodes_count;
+
+    inputs const * const inputs_list;
+    int const inputs_list_count;
+
+    image const * const * const images;
+    int const images_count;
+
+    //animation const * const animations;
+    //int const animations_count;
+
+    // hmm, this part is not really platform-agnostic:
+    char const * const position_normal_texture_buffer;
+    char const * const joint_weight_buffer;
+    char const * const index_buffer;
+  };
+}
--- a/include/shader_data.h
+++ b/include/shader_data.h
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "directxmath/directxmath.h"
+
+constexpr uint32_t maxFramesInFlight{ 2 };
+
+struct ShaderData {
+  XMFLOAT4X4 projection;
+  XMFLOAT4X4 modelView[16];
+  XMFLOAT4 lightPosition;
+};
+
+struct ShaderDataDevice {
+  VkDeviceMemory memory;
+  VkDeviceAddress stride;
+  void * mappedData;
+  struct {
+    VkBuffer buffer{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
+    VkDeviceAddress deviceAddress{};
+  } frame[maxFramesInFlight];
+};
--- a/include/vulkan_helper.h
+++ b/include/vulkan_helper.h
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+
+inline static constexpr VkDeviceSize roundAlignment(VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize alignment)
+{
+  // must be a power of two
+  assert(alignment && ((alignment & (alignment - 1)) == 0));
+  return (offset + (alignment - 1)) & (-alignment);
+}
+
+VkDeviceSize allocateFromMemoryRequirements(VkDevice device,
+                                            VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                            VkMemoryRequirements const & memoryRequirements,
+                                            VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags,
+                                            VkMemoryAllocateFlags memoryAllocateFlags,
+                                            uint32_t count,
+                                            VkDeviceMemory * memory);
--- a/shader/collada.hlsl
+++ b/shader/collada.hlsl
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+struct VSInput
+{
+  float3 Position : POSITION0;
+  float3 Normal : NORMAL0;
+  float3 Texture : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+struct VSOutput
+{
+  float4 Position : SV_POSITION;
+  float3 Normal : NORMAL0;
+  float2 Texture : TEXCOORD0;
+  float3 LightDirection : NORMAL1;
+  float3 ViewDirection : NORMAL2;
+};
+
+struct ShaderData
+{
+  column_major float4x4 Projection;
+  column_major float4x4 ModelView[16];
+  float4 LightPosition; // view space
+};
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<ShaderData> data;
+
+struct PushConstant {
+  int ModelViewIndex;
+};
+
+[[vk::push_constant]]
+struct PushConstant constants;
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+VSOutput VSMain(VSInput input)
+{
+  float4x4 modelView = data.ModelView[constants.ModelViewIndex];
+
+  VSOutput output = (VSOutput)0;
+  output.Position = mul(data.Projection, mul(modelView, float4(input.Position.xyz, 1.0))) * float4(-1, -1, 1, 1);
+  output.Normal = mul((float3x3)modelView, input.Normal);
+  output.Texture = input.Texture.xy * 1.0;
+
+  float4 viewPosition = mul(modelView, float4(input.Position.xyz, 1.0));
+  output.LightDirection = (data.LightPosition - viewPosition).xyz;
+  output.ViewDirection = -viewPosition.xyz;
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+[shader("pixel")]
+float4 PSMain(VSOutput input) : SV_TARGET
+{
+  //float3 color = texture.Sample(samplers[0], input.Texture).bgr;
+
+  float3 N = normalize(input.Normal);
+  float3 L = normalize(input.LightDirection);
+  float3 V = normalize(input.ViewDirection);
+  float3 R = reflect(-L, N);
+
+  const float a = 16.0;
+  const float specularIntensity = 0.8;
+  float3 specular = pow(max(dot(R, V), 0), a) * specularIntensity;
+  float3 diffuse = max(dot(N, L), 0.001);
+
+  return float4(diffuse + specular, 1.0);
+}
--- a/src/collada/node_state.cpp
+++ b/src/collada/node_state.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "directxmath/directxmath.h"
+
+#include "new.h"
+
+#include "collada/node_state.h"
+
+namespace collada::node_state {
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // transforms
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  inline static void load_transform(types::transform const & transform,
+                                    instance_types::transform * instance_transform)
+  {
+    switch (transform.type) {
+    case types::transform_type::LOOKAT:
+      instance_transform->lookat.eye = XMLoadFloat3((XMFLOAT3 *)&transform.lookat.eye);
+      instance_transform->lookat.at = XMLoadFloat3((XMFLOAT3 *)&transform.lookat.at);
+      instance_transform->lookat.up = XMLoadFloat3((XMFLOAT3 *)&transform.lookat.up);
+      break;
+    case types::transform_type::MATRIX:
+      instance_transform->matrix = XMMatrixTranspose(XMLoadFloat4x4((XMFLOAT4X4 *)&transform.matrix));
+      break;
+    case types::transform_type::ROTATE:
+      instance_transform->vector = XMLoadFloat4((XMFLOAT4 *)&transform.rotate);
+      break;
+    case types::transform_type::SCALE:
+      instance_transform->vector = XMLoadFloat3((XMFLOAT3*)&transform.scale);
+      break;
+    case types::transform_type::TRANSLATE:
+      instance_transform->vector = XMLoadFloat3((XMFLOAT3*)&transform.translate);
+      break;
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+    }
+    instance_transform->type = transform.type;
+  }
+
+  inline static void initialize_node_transforms(instance_types::node & node_instance)
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < node_instance.node->transforms_count; i++) {
+      load_transform(node_instance.node->transforms[i], &node_instance.transforms[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  inline static void allocate_node_instance(instance_types::node & node_instance,
+                                            types::node const * const node)
+  {
+    node_instance.node = node;
+    node_instance.transforms = NewM<instance_types::transform>(node->transforms_count);
+
+    initialize_node_transforms(node_instance);
+  }
+
+  void state::allocate_node_instances(types::node const * const * const nodes, int nodes_count)
+  {
+    node_instances = NewM<instance_types::node>(nodes_count);
+    for (int i = 0; i < nodes_count; i++) {
+      allocate_node_instance(node_instances[i], nodes[i]);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < nodes_count; i++) {
+      update_node_world_transform(node_instances[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // world matrix
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  inline static bool vector_equal(XMVECTOR V1, XMVECTOR V2)
+  {
+    uint32_t CR;
+    XMVectorEqualR(&CR, V1, V2);
+    return XMComparisonAllTrue(CR);
+  }
+
+  inline static XMMATRIX transform_matrix(instance_types::transform const& transform)
+  {
+    switch (transform.type) {
+    case types::transform_type::TRANSLATE:
+      return XMMatrixTranslationFromVector(transform.vector);
+    case types::transform_type::ROTATE:
+      //assert(!vector_equal(XMVectorSetW(transform.vector, 0), XMVectorZero()));
+      if (vector_equal(XMVectorSetW(transform.vector, 0), XMVectorZero()))
+        return XMMatrixIdentity();
+      return XMMatrixRotationNormal(transform.vector,
+                                    XMConvertToRadians(XMVectorGetW(transform.vector)));
+    case types::transform_type::SCALE:
+      return XMMatrixScalingFromVector(transform.vector);
+    case types::transform_type::MATRIX:
+      return transform.matrix;
+    default:
+      fprintf(stderr, "unknown transform type %d\n", (int)transform.type);
+      assert(false);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void state::update_node_world_transform(instance_types::node & node_instance)
+  {
+    XMMATRIX world;
+
+    if (node_instance.node->parent_index >= 0)
+      world = node_instances[node_instance.node->parent_index].world;
+    else
+      world = XMMatrixIdentity();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < node_instance.node->transforms_count; i++) {
+      world = transform_matrix(node_instance.transforms[i]) * world;
+    }
+
+    node_instance.world = world;
+  }
+}
--- a/src/collada/scene.cpp
+++ b/src/collada/scene.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#include "collada/scene.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+namespace collada::scene {
+
+  void state::load_scene(types::descriptor const * const descriptor)
+  {
+    this->descriptor = descriptor;
+
+    vulkan.create_pipelines(descriptor);
+    vulkan.load_vertex_index_buffer(descriptor->position_normal_texture_buffer,
+                                    descriptor->index_buffer);
+
+    node_state.allocate_node_instances(descriptor->nodes, descriptor->nodes_count);
+  }
+
+  void state::draw()
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < descriptor->nodes_count; i++) {
+      types::node const & node = *descriptor->nodes[i];
+      instance_types::node const & node_instance = node_state.node_instances[i];
+
+      if (node.instance_geometries_count <= 0)
+        continue;
+
+      vulkan.draw_node(i,
+                       node,
+                       node_instance);
+
+    }
+  }
+
+  void state::update(XMMATRIX const & projection,
+                     XMMATRIX const & view,
+                     float t)
+  {
+    //t = animate::loop(t / 1.0f, 1.0f);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < descriptor->nodes_count; i++) {
+      //animate::animate_node(node_state.node_instances[i], t);
+      node_state.update_node_world_transform(node_state.node_instances[i]);
+    }
+
+    vulkan.transfer_transforms(projection,
+                               view,
+                               descriptor->nodes_count,
+                               node_state.node_instances);
+  }
+}
--- a/src/collada/scene/vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/collada/scene/vulkan.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "volk/volk.h"
+#include "vulkan/vk_enum_string_helper.h"
+
+#include "collada/inputs.h"
+#include "collada/scene/vulkan.h"
+
+#include "vulkan_helper.h"
+
+#include "check.h"
+#include "new.h"
+#include "file.h"
+
+inline static uint32_t vulkan_semantic_location(char const * const semantic, int semantic_index)
+{
+  if (strcmp(semantic, "POSITION") == 0 && semantic_index == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (strcmp(semantic, "NORMAL") == 0 && semantic_index == 0) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (strcmp(semantic, "TEXCOORD") == 0 && semantic_index == 0) {
+    return 2;
+  }
+  if (strcmp(semantic, "BLENDINDICES") == 0 && semantic_index == 0) {
+    return 3;
+  }
+  if (strcmp(semantic, "BLENDWEIGHT") == 0 && semantic_index == 0) {
+    return 4;
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "unknown semantic %s index %d\n", semantic, semantic_index);
+  assert(false);
+}
+
+inline static VkFormat vulkan_format(collada::types::input_format format)
+{
+  switch (format) {
+  case collada::types::input_format::FLOAT1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::FLOAT2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::FLOAT3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::FLOAT4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::INT1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SINT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::INT2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::INT3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT;
+  case collada::types::input_format::INT4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT;
+  default: assert(false);
+  }
+}
+
+
+inline static uint32_t vulkan_load_layout(collada::types::inputs const & inputs,
+                                          uint32_t binding,
+                                          uint32_t start_offset,
+                                          VkVertexInputAttributeDescription * vertexAttributeDescriptions)
+{
+  uint32_t offset = start_offset;
+  for (int i = 0; i < inputs.elements_count; i++) {
+    uint32_t location = vulkan_semantic_location(inputs.elements[i].semantic, inputs.elements[i].semantic_index);
+    VkFormat format = vulkan_format(inputs.elements[i].format);
+    vertexAttributeDescriptions[i].location = location;
+    vertexAttributeDescriptions[i].binding = binding;
+    vertexAttributeDescriptions[i].format = format;
+    vertexAttributeDescriptions[i].offset = offset;
+    offset += collada::inputs::format_size(inputs.elements[i].format);
+  }
+  return offset;
+}
+
+inline static void vulkan_vertex_input_states(collada::types::descriptor const * const descriptor,
+                                              VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo * vertexInputStates,
+                                              VkVertexInputBindingDescription * vertexBindingDescriptions)
+{
+  for (int i = 0; i < descriptor->inputs_list_count; i++) {
+    collada::types::inputs const & inputs = descriptor->inputs_list[i];
+    VkVertexInputAttributeDescription * vertexAttributeDescriptions = NewM<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription>(inputs.elements_count);
+    uint32_t stride = vulkan_load_layout(inputs,
+                                         0, // binding
+                                         0, // start_offset
+                                         vertexAttributeDescriptions);
+
+    vertexBindingDescriptions[i] = {
+      .binding = 0,
+      .stride = stride,
+      .inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX
+    };
+
+    vertexInputStates[i] = {
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1,
+      .pVertexBindingDescriptions = &vertexBindingDescriptions[i],
+      .vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = (uint32_t)inputs.elements_count,
+      .pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertexAttributeDescriptions,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+namespace collada::scene {
+
+  void vulkan::initial_state(VkInstance instance,
+                             VkDevice device,
+                             VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout,
+                             VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout,
+                             VkPhysicalDeviceProperties const & physicalDeviceProperties,
+                             VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                             VkFormat colorFormat,
+                             VkFormat depthFormat,
+                             ShaderData * shaderData,
+                             ShaderDataDevice const * shaderDataDevice)
+  {
+    this->instance = instance;
+    this->device = device;
+    this->pipelineLayout = pipelineLayout;
+    this->descriptorSetLayout = descriptorSetLayout;
+
+    this->physicalDeviceProperties = physicalDeviceProperties;
+    this->physicalDeviceMemoryProperties = physicalDeviceMemoryProperties;
+
+    this->colorFormat = colorFormat;
+    this->depthFormat = depthFormat;
+
+    this->shaderData = shaderData;
+    this->shaderDataDevice = shaderDataDevice;
+
+    load_shader();
+  }
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // vertex index buffer
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  void vulkan::load_vertex_index_buffer(char const * vertex_filename,
+                                        char const * index_filename)
+  {
+    uint32_t vertexSize;
+    void const * vertexStart = file::open(vertex_filename, &vertexSize);
+    uint32_t indexSize;
+    void const * indexStart = file::open(index_filename, &indexSize);
+
+    vertexIndex.indexOffset = vertexSize; // + vertexJWStart;
+
+    // create buffer
+
+    VkDeviceSize bufferSize{ vertexSize + indexSize };
+    VkBufferCreateInfo vertexIndexBufferCreateInfo{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+      .size = bufferSize,
+      .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
+      .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE
+    };
+    VK_CHECK(vkCreateBuffer(device, &vertexIndexBufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &vertexIndex.buffer));
+
+    // allocate memory
+
+    VkMemoryRequirements memoryRequirements;
+    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, vertexIndex.buffer, &memoryRequirements);
+    VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags{ VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT };
+    VkMemoryAllocateFlags memoryAllocateFlags{};
+
+    allocateFromMemoryRequirements(device,
+                                   physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                   memoryRequirements,
+                                   memoryPropertyFlags,
+                                   memoryAllocateFlags,
+                                   1,
+                                   &vertexIndex.memory);
+
+    VK_CHECK(vkBindBufferMemory(device, vertexIndex.buffer, vertexIndex.memory, 0));
+
+    // copy data
+
+    void * vertexIndexMappedData;
+    VK_CHECK(vkMapMemory(device, vertexIndex.memory, 0, vertexIndexBufferCreateInfo.size, 0, &vertexIndexMappedData));
+    memcpy((void *)(((ptrdiff_t)vertexIndexMappedData) + 0), vertexStart, vertexSize);
+    memcpy((void *)(((ptrdiff_t)vertexIndexMappedData) + vertexSize), indexStart, indexSize);
+
+    VkMappedMemoryRange mappedMemoryRange{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE,
+      .memory = vertexIndex.memory,
+      .offset = 0,
+      .size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
+    };
+    vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges(device, 1, &mappedMemoryRange);
+
+    vkUnmapMemory(device, vertexIndex.memory);
+  }
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // shader
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  void vulkan::load_shader()
+  {
+    uint32_t shaderSize;
+    void const * shaderStart = file::open("shader/collada.spv", &shaderSize);
+
+    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo shaderModuleCreateInfo{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .codeSize = shaderSize,
+      .pCode = (uint32_t *)shaderStart
+    };
+    VK_CHECK(vkCreateShaderModule(device, &shaderModuleCreateInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule));
+  }
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // pipeline
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  void vulkan::create_pipelines(collada::types::descriptor const * const descriptor)
+  {
+    VkPushConstantRange pushConstantRange{
+      .stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+      .size = (sizeof (int32_t))
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
+      .setLayoutCount = 1,
+      .pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout,
+      .pushConstantRangeCount = 1,
+      .pPushConstantRanges = &pushConstantRange
+    };
+    VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
+
+    VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[2]{
+      {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+        .module = shaderModule,
+        .pName = "VSMain"
+      },
+      {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+        .module = shaderModule,
+        .pName = "PSMain"
+      }
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .viewportCount = 1,
+      .scissorCount = 1
+    };
+
+    constexpr uint32_t dynamicStateCount = 2;
+    VkDynamicState dynamicStates[dynamicStateCount]{
+      VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+      VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR,
+    };
+    VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .dynamicStateCount = dynamicStateCount,
+      .pDynamicStates = dynamicStates
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE,
+      .depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE,
+      .depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL,
+      .stencilTestEnable = VK_TRUE,
+      .front = {
+        .failOp = VK_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE,
+        .passOp = VK_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE,
+        .depthFailOp = VK_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE,
+        .compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS,
+        .compareMask = 0x01,
+        .writeMask = 0x01,
+        .reference = 1,
+      },
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfo renderingCreateInfo{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RENDERING_CREATE_INFO,
+      .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+      .pColorAttachmentFormats = &colorFormat,
+      .depthAttachmentFormat = depthFormat,
+      .stencilAttachmentFormat = depthFormat
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachment{
+      .colorWriteMask = 0xF
+    };
+    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .attachmentCount = 1,
+      .pAttachments = &blendAttachment
+    };
+    VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT,
+      //.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE,
+      .frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE,
+      .lineWidth = 1.0f
+    };
+    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+      .rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo * vertexInputStates = NewM<VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo>(descriptor->inputs_list_count);
+    VkVertexInputBindingDescription * vertexBindingDescriptions = NewM<VkVertexInputBindingDescription>(descriptor->inputs_list_count);
+    vulkan_vertex_input_states(descriptor,
+                               vertexInputStates,
+                               vertexBindingDescriptions);
+
+    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo * pipelineCreateInfos = NewM<VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo>(descriptor->inputs_list_count);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < descriptor->inputs_list_count; i++) {
+      pipelineCreateInfos[i] = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &renderingCreateInfo,
+        .stageCount = 2,
+        .pStages = shaderStages,
+        .pVertexInputState = &vertexInputStates[i],
+        .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState,
+        .pViewportState = &viewportState,
+        .pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState,
+        .pMultisampleState = &multisampleState,
+        .pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState,
+        .pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState,
+        .pDynamicState = &dynamicState,
+        .layout = pipelineLayout
+      };
+    };
+
+    pipelines = NewM<VkPipeline>(descriptor->inputs_list_count);
+    VK_CHECK(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, descriptor->inputs_list_count, pipelineCreateInfos, nullptr, pipelines));
+
+    free(vertexBindingDescriptions);
+    for (int i = 0; i < descriptor->inputs_list_count; i++) {
+      free((void *)vertexInputStates[i].pVertexAttributeDescriptions);
+    }
+    free(vertexInputStates);
+  }
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // draw
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  void vulkan::draw_geometry(types::geometry const & geometry,
+                             types::instance_material const * const instance_materials,
+                             int const instance_materials_count)
+  {
+    types::mesh const& mesh = geometry.mesh;
+
+    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, vertexIndex.buffer, vertexIndex.indexOffset + mesh.index_buffer_offset, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
+
+    for (int j = 0; j < instance_materials_count; j++) {
+      types::instance_material const& instance_material = instance_materials[j];
+      types::triangles const& triangles = mesh.triangles[instance_material.element_index];
+
+      //set_instance_material(instance_material);
+
+      VkDeviceSize vertexOffset{ (VkDeviceSize)mesh.vertex_buffer_offset };
+      vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &vertexIndex.buffer, &vertexOffset);
+      vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines[triangles.inputs_index]);
+
+      uint32_t indexCount = triangles.count * 3;
+      vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, indexCount, 1, triangles.index_offset, 0, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void vulkan::draw_instance_geometries(types::instance_geometry const * const instance_geometries,
+                                        int const instance_geometries_count)
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < instance_geometries_count; i++) {
+      types::instance_geometry const &instance_geometry = instance_geometries[i];
+      draw_geometry(*instance_geometry.geometry,
+                    instance_geometry.instance_materials,
+                    instance_geometry.instance_materials_count);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void vulkan::transfer_transforms(XMMATRIX const & projection,
+                                   XMMATRIX const & view,
+                                   int nodes_count,
+                                   instance_types::node const * const node_instances)
+  {
+    // store
+    XMStoreFloat4x4(&shaderData->projection, projection);
+    XMVECTOR lightPosition = XMVector3Transform(XMVectorSet(-42, -40, 156, 0), view);
+    XMStoreFloat4(&shaderData->lightPosition, lightPosition);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nodes_count; i++) {
+      XMMATRIX model_view = node_instances[i].world * view;
+      XMStoreFloat4x4(&shaderData->modelView[i], model_view);
+    }
+
+    // copy
+
+    size_t frameOffset = shaderDataDevice->stride * frameIndex;
+    void * frameData = (void *)(((VkDeviceSize)shaderDataDevice->mappedData) + frameOffset);
+    VkDeviceSize frameSize{ (sizeof (ShaderData)) };
+    memcpy(frameData, &shaderData->projection, frameSize);
+
+    // flush
+
+    VkDeviceSize flushSize{ roundAlignment(frameSize, physicalDeviceProperties.limits.nonCoherentAtomSize) };
+    VkMappedMemoryRange shaderDataMemoryRange{
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE,
+      .memory = shaderDataDevice->memory,
+      .offset = frameOffset,
+      .size = flushSize,
+    };
+    vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges(device, 1, &shaderDataMemoryRange);
+  }
+
+  void vulkan::draw_node(int32_t node_index,
+                         types::node const & node,
+                         instance_types::node const & node_instance)
+  {
+    vkCmdPushConstants(commandBuffer, pipelineLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, (sizeof (int32_t)), &node_index);
+
+    draw_instance_geometries(node.instance_geometries, node.instance_geometries_count);
+  }
+}
--- a/src/main.cpp
+++ b/src/main.cpp
@ -7,9 +7,17 @@
 #include "SDL3/SDL_vulkan.h"
 #include "directxmath/directxmath.h"

+#include "check.h"
 #include "new.h"
 #include "file.h"
 #include "dds_validate.h"
+#include "vulkan_helper.h"
+#include "shader_data.h"
+
+#include "collada/scene.h"
+#include "collada/scene/vulkan.h"
+
+#include "scenes/shadow_test/shadow_test.h"

 template <typename T>
 inline static constexpr T min(T a, T b)
@ -29,61 +37,6 @@ inline static constexpr T clamp(T n, T minVal, T maxVal)
  return min(max(n, minVal), maxVal);
 }

-#define SDL_CHECK(f) \
-  { \
-    bool result = (f); \
-    if (result != true) { \
-      fprintf(stderr, "SDL: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError()); \
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
-    } \
-  }
-
-#define SDL_CHECK_NONNULL(f) \
-  { \
-    void * ptr = (void *)(f); \
-    if (ptr == nullptr) { \
-      fprintf(stderr, "SDL: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, SDL_GetError()); \
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
-    } \
-  }
-
-#define VK_CHECK(f) \
-  { \
-    VkResult result = (f); \
-    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) { \
-      fprintf(stderr, "VK: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, string_VkResult(result)); \
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
-    } \
-  }
-
-#define VK_CHECK_SWAPCHAIN(f) \
-  { \
-    VkResult result = (f); \
-    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) { \
-      updateSwapchain = true; \
-    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) { \
-      fprintf(stderr, "VK: %s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, string_VkResult(result)); \
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
-    } \
-  }
-
-#define ASSERT(expr, msg) \
-  { \
-    bool result = (expr); \
-    if (result != true) { \
-      fprintf(stderr, "%s %s L%d error: `%s`\n", __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, msg); \
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
-    } \
-  }
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) // MSVC
-#define UNREACHABLE() __assume(false);
-#else // GCC, Clang
-#define UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable();
-#endif
-
-constexpr uint32_t maxFramesInFlight{ 2 };
-
 VkInstance instance{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
 VkDevice device{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
 VkQueue queue{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
@ -131,25 +84,7 @@ VkDescriptorSet textureDescriptorSet{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };

 XMINT2 windowSize{};

-struct ShaderData {
-  XMFLOAT4X4 transform;
-  XMFLOAT4X4 modelView;
-  XMFLOAT4 lightPosition;
-  uint32_t selected;
-};
-
 ShaderData shaderData{};
-
-struct ShaderDataDevice {
-  VkDeviceMemory memory;
-  VkDeviceAddress stride;
-  void * mappedData;
-  struct {
-    VkBuffer buffer{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
-    VkDeviceAddress deviceAddress{};
-  } frame[maxFramesInFlight];
-};
-
 ShaderDataDevice shaderDataDevice{};

 void print_memoryPropertyFlags(VkMemoryPropertyFlags propertyFlags)
@ -167,48 +102,22 @@ void print_memoryPropertyFlags(VkMemoryPropertyFlags propertyFlags)
  printf("\n");
 }

-uint32_t findMemoryTypeIndex(VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & memoryProperties, uint32_t memoryTypeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags propertyFlags)
-{
-  // find an exact match
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
-    if (!(memoryTypeBits & (1u << i)))
-      continue;
-
-    if (memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags == propertyFlags) {
-      return i;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // find a partial match
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
-    if (!(memoryTypeBits & (1u << i)))
-      continue;
-
-    if ((memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & propertyFlags) == propertyFlags) {
-      return i;
-    }
-  }
-
-  ASSERT(false, "no memory type index matching memoryTypeBits and propertyFlags");
-  UNREACHABLE();
-}
-
 XMMATRIX currentProjection()
 {
  float fov_angle_y = XMConvertToRadians(45 * 1.0);
  float aspect_ratio = (float)windowSize.x / (float)windowSize.y;
  float near_z = 0.1;
-  float far_z = 100.0;
-  XMMATRIX projection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovRH(fov_angle_y, aspect_ratio, near_z, far_z);
+  float far_z = 1000.0;
+  XMMATRIX projection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(fov_angle_y, aspect_ratio, near_z, far_z);
  return projection;
 }

 XMMATRIX currentView()
 {
-  XMVECTOR eye = XMVectorSet(0, -3, 0, 0);
+  XMVECTOR eye = XMVectorSet(-57, 159, 269, 0);
  XMVECTOR at = XMVectorSet(0, 0, 0, 0);
  XMVECTOR up = XMVectorSet(0, 0, 1, 0);
-  XMMATRIX view = XMMatrixLookAtRH(eye, at, up);
+  XMMATRIX view = XMMatrixLookAtLH(eye, at, up);
  return view;
 }

@ -220,7 +129,7 @@ XMMATRIX currentModel()
  return XMMatrixTranslation(0, 0, 0.0) * XMMatrixRotationX(theta) * XMMatrixRotationZ(XM_PI * 0.5f);
 }

-void recreateSwapchain(VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat, VkFormat depthFormat, VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & memoryProperties, VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const & surfaceCapabilities)
+void recreateSwapchain(VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat, VkFormat depthFormat, VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties, VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const & surfaceCapabilities)
 {
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // swapchain and images
@ -339,14 +248,14 @@ void recreateSwapchain(VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat, VkFormat depthFormat, V
  VkMemoryPropertyFlags depthImageMemoryPropertyFlags{
    VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT
  };
-  uint32_t depthImageMemoryTypeIndex = findMemoryTypeIndex(memoryProperties, depthImageMemoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits, depthImageMemoryPropertyFlags);
-  VkMemoryAllocateInfo depthImageAllocateInfo{
-    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-    .allocationSize = depthImageMemoryRequirements.size,
-    .memoryTypeIndex = depthImageMemoryTypeIndex,
-  };
-
-  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &depthImageAllocateInfo, nullptr, &depthImageMemory));
+  VkMemoryAllocateFlags depthImageMemoryAllocateFlags{ };
+  allocateFromMemoryRequirements(device,
+                                 physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                 depthImageMemoryRequirements,
+                                 depthImageMemoryPropertyFlags,
+                                 depthImageMemoryAllocateFlags,
+                                 1,
+                                 &depthImageMemory);
  VK_CHECK(vkBindImageMemory(device, depthImage, depthImageMemory, 0));

  VkImageViewCreateInfo depthViewCreateInfo{
@ -363,41 +272,6 @@ void recreateSwapchain(VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat, VkFormat depthFormat, V
  VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &depthViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &depthImageView));
 }

-inline static constexpr VkDeviceSize roundAlignment(VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize alignment)
-{
-  // must be a power of two
-  assert(alignment && ((alignment & (alignment - 1)) == 0));
-  return (offset + (alignment - 1)) & (-alignment);
-}
-
-VkDeviceSize allocateFromMemoryRequirements(VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties2 const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
-                                            VkMemoryRequirements const & memoryRequirements,
-                                            VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags,
-                                            VkMemoryAllocateFlags memoryAllocateFlags,
-                                            uint32_t count,
-                                            VkDeviceMemory * memory)
-{
-  uint32_t memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryTypeIndex(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryProperties,
-                                                 memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits,
-                                                 memoryPropertyFlags);
-
-  VkDeviceSize stride = (count == 1) ? memoryRequirements.size : roundAlignment(memoryRequirements.size, memoryRequirements.alignment);
-
-  VkMemoryAllocateFlagsInfo memoryAllocateFlagsInfo{
-    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_FLAGS_INFO,
-    .flags = memoryAllocateFlags,
-  };
-  VkMemoryAllocateInfo memoryAllocateInfo{
-    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-    .pNext = &memoryAllocateFlagsInfo,
-    .allocationSize = stride * count,
-    .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
-  };
-  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memoryAllocateInfo, nullptr, memory));
-
-  return stride;
-}
-
 inline static int positive_modulo(int i, unsigned int n) {
  return (i % n + n) % n;
 }
@ -484,21 +358,21 @@ int main()
  // memory
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

-  VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties2 physicalDeviceMemoryProperties{
+  VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties2 physicalDeviceMemoryProperties2{
    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_MEMORY_PROPERTIES_2,
    .pNext = nullptr
  };
-  vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties2(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceMemoryProperties);
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties2(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceMemoryProperties2);
+  VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties = physicalDeviceMemoryProperties2.memoryProperties;
  if constexpr (true) {
-    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & memoryProperties = physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryProperties;
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
      printf("memoryTypes[%u].propertyFlags: ", i);
-      print_memoryPropertyFlags(memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags);
-      printf("memoryTypes[%u].heapIndex: %u\n", i, memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].heapIndex);
+      print_memoryPropertyFlags(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags);
+      printf("memoryTypes[%u].heapIndex: %u\n", i, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].heapIndex);
    }
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryHeapCount; i++) {
-      printf("memoryHeaps[%u].size %lu\n", i, memoryProperties.memoryHeaps[i].size);
-      printf("memoryHeaps[%u].flags %08x\n", i, memoryProperties.memoryHeaps[i].flags);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryHeapCount; i++) {
+      printf("memoryHeaps[%u].size %lu\n", i, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryHeaps[i].size);
+      printf("memoryHeaps[%u].flags %08x\n", i, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryHeaps[i].flags);
    }
  }

@ -585,7 +459,7 @@ int main()
  ASSERT(depthFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED, "no depth format with VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT");
  printf("depthFormat: %s\n", string_VkFormat(depthFormat));

-  recreateSwapchain(surfaceFormat, depthFormat, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryProperties, surfaceCapabilities);
+  recreateSwapchain(surfaceFormat, depthFormat, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties, surfaceCapabilities);

  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // mesh
@ -613,7 +487,8 @@ int main()
    VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags{ VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT };
    VkMemoryAllocateFlags memoryAllocateFlags{};

-    allocateFromMemoryRequirements(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+    allocateFromMemoryRequirements(device,
+                                   physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
                                   memoryRequirements,
                                   memoryPropertyFlags,
                                   memoryAllocateFlags,
@ -659,7 +534,8 @@ int main()

    VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags{ VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT };
    VkMemoryAllocateFlags memoryAllocateFlags{ };
-    shaderDataDevice.stride = allocateFromMemoryRequirements(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+    shaderDataDevice.stride = allocateFromMemoryRequirements(device,
+                                                             physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
                                                             memoryRequirements,
                                                             memoryPropertyFlags,
                                                             memoryAllocateFlags,
@ -748,15 +624,14 @@ int main()
  VkMemoryPropertyFlags textureImageMemoryPropertyFlags{
    VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT
  };
-  uint32_t textureImageMemoryTypeIndex = findMemoryTypeIndex(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryProperties, textureImageMemoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits, textureImageMemoryPropertyFlags);
-
-  VkMemoryAllocateInfo textureImageAllocateInfo{
-    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-    .allocationSize = textureImageMemoryRequirements.size,
-    .memoryTypeIndex = textureImageMemoryTypeIndex,
-  };
-
-  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &textureImageAllocateInfo, nullptr, &textureImageMemory));
+  VkMemoryAllocateFlags textureImageMemoryAllocateFlags{ };
+  allocateFromMemoryRequirements(device,
+                                 physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                 textureImageMemoryRequirements,
+                                 textureImageMemoryPropertyFlags,
+                                 textureImageMemoryAllocateFlags,
+                                 1,
+                                 &textureImageMemory);
  VK_CHECK(vkBindImageMemory(device, textureImage, textureImageMemory, 0));

  VkImageViewCreateInfo textureViewCreateInfo{
@ -786,14 +661,15 @@ int main()
  VkMemoryPropertyFlags textureSourceBufferMemoryPropertyFlags{
    VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT
  };
-  uint32_t textureSourceBufferMemoryTypeIndex = findMemoryTypeIndex(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryProperties, textureSourceBufferMemoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits, textureSourceBufferMemoryPropertyFlags);
-  VkMemoryAllocateInfo textureSourceBufferAllocateInfo{
-    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-    .allocationSize = textureSourceBufferMemoryRequirements.size,
-    .memoryTypeIndex = textureSourceBufferMemoryTypeIndex,
-  };
+  VkMemoryAllocateFlags textureSourceBufferMemoryAllocateFlags{ };
  VkDeviceMemory textureSourceBufferMemory;
-  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &textureSourceBufferAllocateInfo, nullptr, &textureSourceBufferMemory));
+  allocateFromMemoryRequirements(device,
+                                 physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                 textureSourceBufferMemoryRequirements,
+                                 textureSourceBufferMemoryPropertyFlags,
+                                 textureSourceBufferMemoryAllocateFlags,
+                                 1,
+                                 &textureSourceBufferMemory);
  VK_CHECK(vkBindBufferMemory(device, textureSourceBuffer, textureSourceBufferMemory, 0));

  void * textureSourceMappedData;
@ -1290,6 +1166,25 @@ int main()
  };
  VK_CHECK(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 2, pipelineCreateInfos, nullptr, pipelines));

+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // initialize collada
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  collada::scene::state collada_state;
+
+  collada_state.vulkan.initial_state(instance,
+                                     device,
+                                     pipelineLayout,
+                                     uniformBufferDescriptorSetLayout,
+                                     physicalDeviceProperties,
+                                     physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                     surfaceFormat.format,
+                                     depthFormat,
+                                     &shaderData,
+                                     &shaderDataDevice);
+
+  collada_state.load_scene(&shadow_test::descriptor);
+
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // loop
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@ -1330,6 +1225,8 @@ int main()
    }

    // shader data
+
+    /*
    XMMATRIX model = currentModel();
    XMMATRIX view = currentView();
    XMMATRIX modelView = model * view;
@ -1351,7 +1248,7 @@ int main()
      .size = flushSize,
    };
    vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges(device, 1, &shaderDataMemoryRange);
-
+    */

    // wait for fence
    VK_CHECK(vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &fences[frameIndex], true, UINT64_MAX));
@ -1437,6 +1334,8 @@ int main()
    vkCmdBeginRendering(commandBuffer, &renderingInfo);

    VkViewport viewport{
+      .x = 0,
+      .y = 0,//static_cast<float>(windowSize.y),
      .width = static_cast<float>(windowSize.x),
      .height = static_cast<float>(windowSize.y),
      .minDepth = 0.0f,
@ -1446,12 +1345,13 @@ int main()
    VkRect2D scissor{ .extent{ .width = (uint32_t)windowSize.x, .height = (uint32_t)windowSize.y } };
    vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

-    VkDeviceSize vertexOffset{ 0 };
+    /*
    VkDescriptorSet descriptorSets[2] = {
      uniformBufferDescriptorSets[frameIndex],
      textureDescriptorSet,
    };
    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 2, descriptorSets, 0, nullptr);
+    VkDeviceSize vertexOffset{ 0 };
    vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &vertexIndexBuffer, &vertexOffset);
    VkDeviceSize indexOffset{ vertexBufferSize };
    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, vertexIndexBuffer, indexOffset, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
@ -1459,10 +1359,25 @@ int main()
    VkDeviceSize indexCount{ 2400 };

    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines[MAIN_PIPELINE]);
-    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, indexCount, 3, 0, 0, 0);
+    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

    //vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines[OUTLINE_PIPELINE]);
-    //vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, indexCount, 3, 0, 0, 0);
+    //vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+    */
+
+    collada_state.vulkan.commandBuffer = commandBuffer;
+    collada_state.vulkan.frameIndex = frameIndex;
+
+    XMMATRIX projection = currentProjection();
+    XMMATRIX view = currentView();
+    collada_state.update(projection, view, 0);
+
+    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+                            collada_state.vulkan.pipelineLayout,
+                            0, 1, &uniformBufferDescriptorSets[frameIndex],
+                            0, nullptr);
+
+    collada_state.draw();

    vkCmdEndRendering(commandBuffer);

@ -1520,7 +1435,7 @@ int main()
      updateSwapchain = false;
      VK_CHECK(vkDeviceWaitIdle(device));
      VK_CHECK(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physicalDevice, surface, &surfaceCapabilities));
-      recreateSwapchain(surfaceFormat, depthFormat, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties.memoryProperties, surfaceCapabilities);
+      recreateSwapchain(surfaceFormat, depthFormat, physicalDeviceMemoryProperties, surfaceCapabilities);
    }
  }

--- a/src/vulkan_helper.cpp
+++ b/src/vulkan_helper.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "volk/volk.h"
+#include "vulkan/vk_enum_string_helper.h"
+
+#include "check.h"
+
+#include "vulkan_helper.h"
+
+inline static uint32_t findMemoryTypeIndex(VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & memoryProperties, uint32_t memoryTypeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags propertyFlags)
+{
+  // find an exact match
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
+    if (!(memoryTypeBits & (1u << i)))
+      continue;
+
+    if (memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags == propertyFlags) {
+      return i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // find a partial match
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
+    if (!(memoryTypeBits & (1u << i)))
+      continue;
+
+    if ((memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & propertyFlags) == propertyFlags) {
+      return i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(false, "no memory type index matching memoryTypeBits and propertyFlags");
+  UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+VkDeviceSize allocateFromMemoryRequirements(VkDevice device,
+                                            VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const & physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                            VkMemoryRequirements const & memoryRequirements,
+                                            VkMemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags,
+                                            VkMemoryAllocateFlags memoryAllocateFlags,
+                                            uint32_t count,
+                                            VkDeviceMemory * memory)
+{
+  uint32_t memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryTypeIndex(physicalDeviceMemoryProperties,
+                                                 memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits,
+                                                 memoryPropertyFlags);
+
+  VkDeviceSize stride = (count == 1) ? memoryRequirements.size : roundAlignment(memoryRequirements.size, memoryRequirements.alignment);
+
+  VkMemoryAllocateFlagsInfo memoryAllocateFlagsInfo{
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_FLAGS_INFO,
+    .flags = memoryAllocateFlags,
+  };
+  VkMemoryAllocateInfo memoryAllocateInfo{
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+    .pNext = &memoryAllocateFlagsInfo,
+    .allocationSize = stride * count,
+    .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
+  };
+  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memoryAllocateInfo, nullptr, memory));
+
+  return stride;
+}