diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 6cac559..786a7f1 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@ OBJ = \
 	c/execute.o \
 	c/memory_allocator.o \
 	c/class_resolver.o \
-	c/hash_table.o
+	c/hash_table.o \
+	c/frame.o
 
 MAIN_OBJ = \
 	$(OBJ) \
-	c/frame.o
+	c/main.o
 
 PRINT_CLASS_OBJ = \
 	$(OBJ) \
diff --git a/c/class_resolver.c b/c/class_resolver.c
index e23b574..e118e04 100644
--- a/c/class_resolver.c
+++ b/c/class_resolver.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ struct hash_table_entry * class_resolver_load_from_filenames(const char * filena
     assert(class_file->magic == 0xcafebabe);
 
     class_entry[i].class_file = class_file;
+    class_entry[i].initialization_state = CLASS_UNINITIALIZED;
 
     hash_table_add(class_hash_table_length,
                    class_hash_table,
diff --git a/c/class_resolver.h b/c/class_resolver.h
index 90805c7..dbe91f3 100644
--- a/c/class_resolver.h
+++ b/c/class_resolver.h
@@ -10,8 +10,15 @@ struct field_entry {
   uint32_t value;
 };
 
+enum initialization_state {
+  CLASS_UNINITIALIZED,
+  CLASS_INITIALIZING,
+  CLASS_INITIALIZED,
+};
+
 struct class_entry {
   struct class_file * class_file;
+  enum initialization_state initialization_state;
 
   struct {
     int length;
diff --git a/c/execute.c b/c/execute.c
index ae9df72..84e8761 100644
--- a/c/execute.c
+++ b/c/execute.c
@@ -550,6 +550,13 @@ void op_getstatic(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index)
                                                                  field_name_constant->utf8.length);
   assert(field_entry != nullptr);
 
+  /*  On successful resolution of the field, the class or interface that
+      declared the resolved field is initialized if that class or interface has
+      not already been initialized (§5.5). */
+
+  if (!vm_initialize_class(vm, class_entry))
+    return;
+
   uint32_t value = field_entry->value;
   operand_stack_push_u32(vm->current_frame, value);
 }
@@ -925,6 +932,10 @@ void op_invokestatic(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index)
                                                                   method_name_constant->utf8.length);
   assert(method_info != nullptr);
 
+  /* On successful resolution of the method, the class or interface that
+     declared the resolved method is initialized if that class or interface has
+     not already been initialized (§5.5). */
+
   vm_static_method_call(vm, class_entry->class_file, method_info);
 }
 
@@ -1266,6 +1277,17 @@ void op_multianewarray(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index, uint32_t dimensions)
 
 void op_new(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index)
 {
+  /* On successful resolution of the class, it is initialized if it has not
+     already been initialized (§5.5).
+
+     (new) Upon execution of a new instruction, the class to be initialized is
+     the class referenced by the instruction. */
+
+  /*
+  if (!vm_initialize_class(vm, class_entry))
+    return;
+  */
+
   assert(!"op_new");
 }
 
@@ -1307,8 +1329,20 @@ void op_newarray(struct vm * vm, uint32_t atype)
   int32_t count = operand_stack_pop_u32(vm->current_frame);
   int32_t size = element_size * count + 4;
   int32_t * arrayref = memory_allocate(size);
+
   assert(arrayref != 0);
   arrayref[0] = count;
+
+  /* Each of the elements of the new array is initialized to the default initial
+     value (§2.3, §2.4) for the element type of the array type. */
+  /* round up u32_count, possibly initializing past the end of the array. This
+     is acceptable because memory_allocate always allocates a multiple of 4
+     greater than or equal to `size`. */
+  int32_t u32_count = (size - 4 + 3) / 4;
+  for (int i = 0; i < u32_count; i++) {
+    arrayref[i + 1] = 0;
+  }
+
   operand_stack_push_u32(vm->current_frame, (uint32_t)arrayref);
 }
 
@@ -1333,7 +1367,47 @@ void op_putfield(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index)
 
 void op_putstatic(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index)
 {
-  assert(!"op_putstatic");
+  struct constant * fieldref_constant = &vm->current_thread.current_class->constant_pool[index - 1];
+  #ifdef DEBUG
+  assert(fieldref_constant->tag == CONSTANT_Fieldref);
+  #endif
+  struct constant * class_constant = &vm->current_thread.current_class->constant_pool[fieldref_constant->fieldref.class_index - 1];
+  #ifdef DEBUG
+  assert(class_constant->tag == CONSTANT_Class);
+  #endif
+  struct constant * nameandtype_constant = &vm->current_thread.current_class->constant_pool[fieldref_constant->fieldref.name_and_type_index - 1];
+  #ifdef DEBUG
+  assert(nameandtype_constant->tag == CONSTANT_NameAndType);
+  #endif
+  struct constant * class_name_constant = &vm->current_thread.current_class->constant_pool[class_constant->class.name_index - 1];
+  #ifdef DEBUG
+  assert(class_name_constant->tag == CONSTANT_Utf8);
+  #endif
+  struct constant * field_name_constant = &vm->current_thread.current_class->constant_pool[nameandtype_constant->nameandtype.name_index - 1];
+  #ifdef DEBUG
+  assert(field_name_constant->tag == CONSTANT_Utf8);
+  #endif
+
+  struct class_entry * class_entry = class_resolver_lookup_class(vm->class_hash_table.length,
+                                                                 vm->class_hash_table.entry,
+                                                                 class_name_constant->utf8.bytes,
+                                                                 class_name_constant->utf8.length);
+  assert(class_entry != nullptr);
+
+  struct field_entry * field_entry = class_resolver_lookup_field(class_entry,
+                                                                 field_name_constant->utf8.bytes,
+                                                                 field_name_constant->utf8.length);
+  assert(field_entry != nullptr);
+
+  /* On successful resolution of the field, the class or interface that declared
+     the resolved field is initialized if that class or interface has not
+     already been initialized (§5.5). */
+
+  if (!vm_initialize_class(vm, class_entry))
+    return;
+
+  uint32_t value = operand_stack_pop_u32(vm->current_frame);
+  field_entry->value = value;
 }
 
 void op_ret(struct vm * vm, uint32_t index)
@@ -1358,7 +1432,7 @@ void op_sastore(struct vm * vm)
 
 void op_sipush(struct vm * vm, int32_t byte)
 {
-  assert(!"op_sipush2");
+  operand_stack_push_u32(vm->current_frame, byte);
 }
 
 void op_swap(struct vm * vm)
diff --git a/c/frame.c b/c/frame.c
index 44afc16..5e1916a 100644
--- a/c/frame.c
+++ b/c/frame.c
@@ -9,39 +9,6 @@
 #include "decode.h"
 #include "frame.h"
 #include "class_resolver.h"
-#include "string.h"
-
-struct frame * stack_push_frame(struct stack * stack, int num_frames)
-{
-  struct frame * frame = &stack->frame[stack->ix];
-  stack->ix += num_frames;
-  assert(stack->ix <= stack->capacity);
-  return frame;
-}
-
-struct frame * stack_pop_frame(struct stack * stack, int num_frames)
-{
-  stack->ix -= num_frames;
-  assert(stack->ix >= 0);
-  struct frame * frame = &stack->frame[stack->ix - 1];
-  return frame;
-}
-
-uint32_t * stack_push_data(struct stack * stack, int num_data)
-{
-  uint32_t * data = &stack->data[stack->ix];
-  stack->ix += num_data;
-  assert(stack->ix <= stack->capacity);
-  return data;
-}
-
-uint32_t * stack_pop_data(struct stack * stack, int num_data)
-{
-  stack->ix -= num_data;
-  assert(stack->ix >= 0);
-  uint32_t * data = &stack->data[stack->ix];
-  return data;
-}
 
 struct Code_attribute * get_code_attribute(int code_name_index,
                                            int attributes_count,
@@ -67,6 +34,19 @@ int find_code_name_index(struct class_file * class_file)
   return 0;
 }
 
+int find_constantvalue_name_index(struct class_file * class_file)
+{
+  for (int i = 0; i < class_file->constant_pool_count; i++) {
+    struct constant * constant = &class_file->constant_pool[i];
+    if (constant->tag == CONSTANT_Utf8) {
+      if (bytes_equal(constant->utf8.length, constant->utf8.bytes, "ConstantValue")) {
+        return i + 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 static int descriptor_nargs(struct constant * descriptor_constant)
 {
   assert(descriptor_constant->tag == CONSTANT_Utf8);
@@ -91,6 +71,75 @@ static int descriptor_nargs(struct constant * descriptor_constant)
   return nargs;
 }
 
+bool vm_initialize_class(struct vm * vm, struct class_entry * class_entry)
+{
+  if (class_entry->initialization_state == CLASS_INITIALIZED)
+    return true;
+
+  if (class_entry->initialization_state == CLASS_INITIALIZING) {
+    if (vm->current_thread.current_class == class_entry->class_file)
+      return true;
+    else
+      assert(false); // possible infinite initialization loop
+  }
+
+  class_entry->initialization_state = CLASS_INITIALIZING;
+
+  /* Then, initialize each static field of C with the constant value in its
+     ConstantValue attribute (§4.7.2), in the order the fields appear in the
+     ClassFile structure. */
+
+  struct class_file * class_file = class_entry->class_file;
+
+  int constantvalue_name_index = find_constantvalue_name_index(class_file);
+  assert(constantvalue_name_index != 0);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < class_file->fields_count; i++) {
+    struct field_info * field_info = &class_file->fields[i];
+    if (!(field_info->access_flags & FIELD_ACC_STATIC))
+      continue;
+
+    for (int j = 0; j < field_info->attributes_count; j++) {
+      if (field_info->attributes[j].attribute_name_index == constantvalue_name_index) {
+        struct attribute_info * attribute = &field_info->attributes[j];
+        struct constant * constantvalue = &class_file->constant_pool[attribute->constantvalue->constantvalue_index - 1];
+        assert(constantvalue->tag == CONSTANT_Integer); // also need to support CONSTANT_String
+
+        struct constant * name_constant = &class_file->constant_pool[field_info->name_index - 1];
+        assert(name_constant->tag == CONSTANT_Utf8);
+        struct field_entry * field_entry = class_resolver_lookup_field(class_entry,
+                                                                       name_constant->utf8.bytes,
+                                                                       name_constant->utf8.length);
+        assert(field_entry != nullptr);
+        field_entry->value = constantvalue->integer.bytes;
+        printf("  constantvalue: %d\n", field_entry->value);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Next, if C declares a class or interface initialization method, execute
+     that method. */
+  const uint8_t * method_name = (const uint8_t *)"<clinit>";
+  int method_length = 8;
+
+  struct method_info * method_info = class_resolver_lookup_method(class_entry,
+                                                                  method_name,
+                                                                  method_length);
+  if (method_info != nullptr) {
+    assert((method_info->access_flags & METHOD_ACC_STATIC) != 0);
+    printf("<clinit>\n");
+
+    // tamper with next_pc
+    vm->current_frame->next_pc = vm->current_frame->pc;
+
+    vm_static_method_call(vm, class_file, method_info);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 void vm_static_method_call(struct vm * vm, struct class_file * class_file, struct method_info * method_info)
 {
   /* If the method is not native, the nargs argument values are popped from the
@@ -132,6 +181,8 @@ void vm_static_method_call(struct vm * vm, struct class_file * class_file, struc
   vm->current_frame->pc = 0;
   vm->current_thread.current_class = class_file;
   vm->current_thread.current_method = method_info;
+
+  printf("operand_stack_ix: %d\n", vm->current_frame->operand_stack_ix);
 }
 
 void vm_method_return(struct vm * vm)
@@ -225,53 +276,3 @@ void vm_execute(struct vm * vm)
     }
   }
 }
-
-int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
-{
-  assert(argc >= 3);
-
-  const char * main_class = argv[1];
-
-  const char ** class_filenames = &argv[2];
-  int num_class_filenames = argc - 2;
-
-  int class_hash_table_length;
-  struct hash_table_entry * class_hash_table = class_resolver_load_from_filenames(class_filenames, num_class_filenames, &class_hash_table_length);
-
-  struct class_entry * class_entry = class_resolver_lookup_class(class_hash_table_length,
-                                                                 class_hash_table,
-                                                                 (const uint8_t *)main_class,
-                                                                 string_length(main_class));
-
-  const char * method_name = "main";
-  int method_name_length = string_length(method_name);
-  struct method_info * method_info = class_resolver_lookup_method(class_entry,
-                                                                  (const uint8_t *)method_name,
-                                                                  method_name_length);
-
-  struct vm vm;
-  vm.class_hash_table.entry = class_hash_table;
-  vm.class_hash_table.length = class_hash_table_length;
-
-  vm.frame_stack.ix = 0;
-  vm.frame_stack.capacity = 1024;
-  struct frame frames[vm.frame_stack.capacity];
-  vm.frame_stack.frame = frames;
-
-  vm.data_stack.ix = 0;
-  vm.data_stack.capacity = 0x100000;
-  uint32_t data[vm.data_stack.capacity];
-  vm.data_stack.data = data;
-
-  struct frame * entry_frame = stack_push_frame(&vm.frame_stack, 1);
-  struct Code_attribute code;
-  code.max_locals = 0;
-  code.max_stack = 0;
-  entry_frame->code = &code;
-  entry_frame->local_variable = 0;
-  entry_frame->operand_stack = 0;
-  entry_frame->operand_stack_ix = 0;
-
-  vm_static_method_call(&vm, class_entry->class_file, method_info);
-  vm_execute(&vm);
-}
diff --git a/c/frame.h b/c/frame.h
index 384dbde..8a2b35c 100644
--- a/c/frame.h
+++ b/c/frame.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 
 #include "class_file.h"
+#include "class_resolver.h"
 
 struct frame {
   struct Code_attribute * code;
@@ -39,6 +40,38 @@ struct vm {
   } class_hash_table;
 };
 
+static inline struct frame * stack_push_frame(struct stack * stack, int num_frames)
+{
+  struct frame * frame = &stack->frame[stack->ix];
+  stack->ix += num_frames;
+  assert(stack->ix <= stack->capacity);
+  return frame;
+}
+
+static inline struct frame * stack_pop_frame(struct stack * stack, int num_frames)
+{
+  stack->ix -= num_frames;
+  assert(stack->ix >= 0);
+  struct frame * frame = &stack->frame[stack->ix - 1];
+  return frame;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t * stack_push_data(struct stack * stack, int num_data)
+{
+  uint32_t * data = &stack->data[stack->ix];
+  stack->ix += num_data;
+  assert(stack->ix <= stack->capacity);
+  return data;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t * stack_pop_data(struct stack * stack, int num_data)
+{
+  stack->ix -= num_data;
+  assert(stack->ix >= 0);
+  uint32_t * data = &stack->data[stack->ix];
+  return data;
+}
+
 static inline void operand_stack_push_u32(struct frame * frame, uint32_t value)
 {
   frame->operand_stack[frame->operand_stack_ix] = value;
@@ -76,5 +109,7 @@ static inline float operand_stack_pop_f32(struct frame * frame)
   return f;
 }
 
+bool vm_initialize_class(struct vm * vm, struct class_entry * class_entry);
 void vm_static_method_call(struct vm * vm, struct class_file * class_file, struct method_info * method_info);
 void vm_method_return(struct vm * vm);
+void vm_execute(struct vm * vm);
diff --git a/c/main.c b/c/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d7e780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#include "frame.h"
+#include "class_resolver.h"
+#include "string.h"
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
+{
+  assert(argc >= 3);
+
+  const char * main_class = argv[1];
+
+  const char ** class_filenames = &argv[2];
+  int num_class_filenames = argc - 2;
+
+  int class_hash_table_length;
+  struct hash_table_entry * class_hash_table = class_resolver_load_from_filenames(class_filenames, num_class_filenames, &class_hash_table_length);
+
+  struct class_entry * class_entry = class_resolver_lookup_class(class_hash_table_length,
+                                                                 class_hash_table,
+                                                                 (const uint8_t *)main_class,
+                                                                 string_length(main_class));
+
+  const char * method_name = "main";
+  int method_name_length = string_length(method_name);
+  struct method_info * method_info = class_resolver_lookup_method(class_entry,
+                                                                  (const uint8_t *)method_name,
+                                                                  method_name_length);
+
+  struct vm vm;
+  vm.class_hash_table.entry = class_hash_table;
+  vm.class_hash_table.length = class_hash_table_length;
+
+  vm.frame_stack.ix = 0;
+  vm.frame_stack.capacity = 1024;
+  struct frame frames[vm.frame_stack.capacity];
+  vm.frame_stack.frame = frames;
+
+  vm.data_stack.ix = 0;
+  vm.data_stack.capacity = 0x100000;
+  uint32_t data[vm.data_stack.capacity];
+  vm.data_stack.data = data;
+
+  struct frame * entry_frame = stack_push_frame(&vm.frame_stack, 1);
+  struct Code_attribute code;
+  code.max_locals = 0;
+  code.max_stack = 0;
+  entry_frame->code = &code;
+  entry_frame->local_variable = 0;
+  entry_frame->operand_stack = 0;
+  entry_frame->operand_stack_ix = 0;
+
+  vm_static_method_call(&vm, class_entry->class_file, method_info);
+  vm_execute(&vm);
+}
diff --git a/p/StaticField.java b/p/StaticField.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9155afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p/StaticField.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package p;
+
+class StaticField {
+    final static int foo = 1234;
+
+    static int[] bar = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14};
+
+    int qux;
+
+    static int test() {
+        int sum = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < bar.length; i++) {
+            sum += bar[i] * foo;
+        }
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    public static void main() {
+        test();
+    }
+}