diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 25f67c2..2254f7a 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ all:
 include common.mk
 
 geometry/%.hpp: geometry/%.obj
-	PYTHONPATH=regs/gen python tools/obj_to_cpp.py $< > $@
+	PYTHONPATH=regs/gen python tools/obj_to_cpp.py $< > $@.tmp
+	mv $@.tmp $@
 
 include example/example.mk
diff --git a/example/example.mk b/example/example.mk
index d0583af..a9d50d6 100644
--- a/example/example.mk
+++ b/example/example.mk
@@ -129,6 +129,17 @@ WIFFLE_ATTENUATION_OBJ = \
 example/wiffle_attenuation.elf: LDSCRIPT = $(LIB)/alt.lds
 example/wiffle_attenuation.elf: $(START_OBJ) $(WIFFLE_ATTENUATION_OBJ)
 
+MODIFIER_VOLUME_OBJ = \
+	example/modifier_volume.o \
+	vga.o \
+	holly/core.o \
+	holly/region_array.o \
+	holly/background.o \
+	holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.o
+
+example/modifier_volume.elf: LDSCRIPT = $(LIB)/alt.lds
+example/modifier_volume.elf: $(START_OBJ) $(MODIFIER_VOLUME_OBJ)
+
 MACAW_CUBE_OBJ = \
 	example/macaw_cube.o \
 	vga.o \
diff --git a/example/icosphere.cpp b/example/icosphere.cpp
index d997765..7482bd4 100644
--- a/example/icosphere.cpp
+++ b/example/icosphere.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ constexpr float half_degree = 0.01745329f / 2;
 
 #define MODEL suzanne
 
-vec3 rotate(const vec3& vertex, float theta)
+vec3 rotate(const vec3& vertex,
+            const float theta)
 {
   float x = vertex.x;
   float y = vertex.y;
diff --git a/example/modifier_volume.cpp b/example/modifier_volume.cpp
index f541b2d..3ed4db4 100644
--- a/example/modifier_volume.cpp
+++ b/example/modifier_volume.cpp
@@ -14,70 +14,155 @@
 #include "holly/background.hpp"
 #include "memorymap.hpp"
 
-struct vertex {
-  float x;
-  float y;
-  float z;
-  float u;
-  float v;
-  uint32_t color;
-};
+#include "geometry/plane.hpp"
+#include "geometry/cube.hpp"
+#include "math/vec3.hpp"
+#include "math/vec4.hpp"
 
-const struct vertex strip_vertices[4] = {
-  // [ position       ]  [ uv coordinates       ]  [color   ]
-  { -0.5f,   0.5f,  0.f, 0.f        , 127.f/128.f, 0x00000000}, // the first two base colors in a
-  { -0.5f,  -0.5f,  0.f, 0.f        , 0.f        , 0x00000000}, // non-Gouraud triangle strip are ignored
-  {  0.5f,   0.5f,  0.f, 127.f/128.f, 127.f/128.f, 0x00000000},
-  {  0.5f,  -0.5f,  0.f, 127.f/128.f, 0.f        , 0x00000000},
-};
-constexpr uint32_t strip_length = (sizeof (strip_vertices)) / (sizeof (struct vertex));
-
-static float theta = 0;
-constexpr float half_degree = 0.01745329f / 2.f;
-
-uint32_t transform(uint32_t * ta_parameter_buf,
-		   const vertex * strip_vertices,
-		   const uint32_t strip_length)
+vec3 _transform(const vec3& point,
+                const uint32_t scale,
+                const float theta)
 {
-  auto parameter = ta_parameter_writer(ta_parameter_buf);
-  uint32_t texture_address = (offsetof (struct texture_memory_alloc, texture));
-  parameter.append<global_polygon_type_0>() = global_polygon_type_0(texture_address);
+  float x = point.x;
+  float y = point.y;
+  float z = point.z;
+  float t;
 
+  // object transform
+  t  = z * cos(theta) - x * sin(theta);
+  x  = z * sin(theta) + x * cos(theta);
+  z  = t;
+
+  x *= scale;
+  y *= scale;
+  z *= scale;
+
+  // world transform
+  y += 2.0f;
+  x *= 0.8;
+  y *= 0.8;
+  z *= 0.8;
+
+  // camera transform
+  z += 4;
+
+  // perspective
+  x = x / z;
+  y = y / z;
+
+  // screen space transform
+  x *= 240.f;
+  y *= 240.f;
+  x += 320.f;
+  y += 240.f;
+  z = 1 / z;
+
+  return {x, y, z};
+}
+
+void transform_polygon(ta_parameter_writer& parameter,
+                       const vec3 * vertices,
+                       const face& face,
+                       const float scale,
+                       const vec4& color,
+                       const float theta)
+{
+  const uint32_t parameter_control_word = para_control::para_type::polygon_or_modifier_volume
+                                        | para_control::list_type::opaque
+                                        | obj_control::col_type::floating_color
+                                        | obj_control::shadow;
+
+  const uint32_t isp_tsp_instruction_word = isp_tsp_instruction_word::depth_compare_mode::greater
+                                          | isp_tsp_instruction_word::culling_mode::no_culling;
+
+  const uint32_t tsp_instruction_word = tsp_instruction_word::src_alpha_instr::one
+                                      | tsp_instruction_word::dst_alpha_instr::zero
+                                      | tsp_instruction_word::fog_control::no_fog;
+
+  parameter.append<global_polygon_type_0>() = global_polygon_type_0(parameter_control_word,
+                                                                    isp_tsp_instruction_word,
+                                                                    tsp_instruction_word,
+                                                                    0);
+
+  constexpr uint32_t strip_length = 3;
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < strip_length; i++) {
+    // world transform
+    uint32_t vertex_ix = face[i].vertex;
+    auto& vertex = vertices[vertex_ix];
+    auto point = _transform(vertex, scale, theta);
+
     bool end_of_strip = i == strip_length - 1;
-
-    float x = strip_vertices[i].x;
-    float y = strip_vertices[i].y;
-    float z = strip_vertices[i].z;
-    float x1;
-
-    x1 = x * __builtin_cosf(theta) - z * __builtin_sinf(theta);
-    z  = x * __builtin_sinf(theta) + z * __builtin_cosf(theta);
-    x  = x1;
-    x *= 240.f;
-    y *= 240.f;
-    x += 320.f;
-    y += 240.f;
-    z = 1.f / (z + 10.f);
-
-    parameter.append<vertex_polygon_type_3>() =
-      vertex_polygon_type_3(x, y, z,
-			    strip_vertices[i].u,
-			    strip_vertices[i].v,
-			    strip_vertices[i].color,
-			    end_of_strip);
+    parameter.append<vertex_polygon_type_1>() =
+      vertex_polygon_type_1(polygon_vertex_parameter_control_word(end_of_strip),
+                            point.x,
+                            point.y,
+                            point.z,
+			    color.a, // alpha
+			    color.r, // red
+			    color.g, // green
+			    color.b  // blue
+                            );
   }
+}
 
-  parameter.append<global_end_of_list>() = global_end_of_list();
+void transform_modifier_volume(ta_parameter_writer& parameter,
+                               const vec3 * vertices,
+                               const face * faces,
+                               const uint32_t num_faces,
+                               const float scale)
+{
+  const uint32_t parameter_control_word = para_control::para_type::polygon_or_modifier_volume
+                                        | para_control::list_type::opaque_modifier_volume
+  //                                    | group_control::group_en
+  //                                    | group_control::user_clip::inside_enable
+                                        ;
 
-  return parameter.offset;
+  const uint32_t isp_tsp_instruction_word = isp_tsp_instruction_word::volume_instruction::normal_polygon
+                                          | isp_tsp_instruction_word::culling_mode::no_culling;
+
+  parameter.append<global_modifier_volume>() =
+    global_modifier_volume(parameter_control_word,
+                           isp_tsp_instruction_word);
+
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_faces; i++) {
+    // world transform
+    uint32_t ix_a = faces[i][0].vertex;
+    uint32_t ix_b = faces[i][1].vertex;
+    uint32_t ix_c = faces[i][2].vertex;
+    auto& _a = vertices[ix_a];
+    auto& _b = vertices[ix_b];
+    auto& _c = vertices[ix_c];
+    auto a = _transform(_a, scale, 0.f);
+    auto b = _transform(_b, scale, 0.f);
+    auto c = _transform(_c, scale, 0.f);
+
+    if (i == (num_faces - 1)) {
+      const uint32_t last_parameter_control_word = para_control::para_type::polygon_or_modifier_volume
+                                                 | para_control::list_type::opaque_modifier_volume
+                                                 | obj_control::volume::modifier_volume::last_in_volume;
+
+      const uint32_t last_isp_tsp_instruction_word = isp_tsp_instruction_word::volume_instruction::inside_last_polygon
+                                                   | isp_tsp_instruction_word::culling_mode::no_culling;
+
+      parameter.append<global_modifier_volume>() =
+        global_modifier_volume(last_parameter_control_word,
+                               last_isp_tsp_instruction_word);
+
+    }
+
+    parameter.append<vertex_modifier_volume>() =
+      vertex_modifier_volume(modifier_volume_vertex_parameter_control_word(),
+                             a.x, a.y, a.z,
+                             b.x, b.y, b.z,
+                             c.x, c.y, c.z);
+  }
 }
 
 void init_texture_memory(const struct opb_size& opb_size)
 {
   auto mem = reinterpret_cast<volatile texture_memory_alloc *>(texture_memory32);
 
-  background_parameter(mem->background);
+  background_parameter(mem->background, 0xff220000);
 
   region_array2(mem->region_array,
 	        (offsetof (struct texture_memory_alloc, object_list)),
@@ -87,27 +172,11 @@ void init_texture_memory(const struct opb_size& opb_size)
 		);
 }
 
-void copy_macaw_texture()
-{
-  auto src = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(&_binary_macaw_data_start);
-  auto size  = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t>(&_binary_macaw_data_size);
-  auto mem = reinterpret_cast<volatile texture_memory_alloc *>(texture_memory64);
-  for (uint32_t px = 0; px < size / 3; px++) {
-    uint8_t r = src[px * 3 + 0];
-    uint8_t g = src[px * 3 + 1];
-    uint8_t b = src[px * 3 + 2];
-
-    uint16_t rgb565 = ((r / 8) << 11) | ((g / 4) << 5) | ((b / 8) << 0);
-    mem->texture[px] = rgb565;
-  }
-}
-
-uint32_t _ta_parameter_buf[((32 * (strip_length + 2)) + 32) / 4];
+uint32_t _ta_parameter_buf[((32 * 8192) + 32) / 4];
 
 void main()
 {
   vga();
-  copy_macaw_texture();
 
   // The address of `ta_parameter_buf` must be a multiple of 32 bytes.
   // This is mandatory for ch2-dma to the ta fifo polygon converter.
@@ -116,18 +185,16 @@ void main()
   constexpr uint32_t ta_alloc = ta_alloc_ctrl::pt_opb::no_list
 			      | ta_alloc_ctrl::tm_opb::no_list
 			      | ta_alloc_ctrl::t_opb::no_list
-			      | ta_alloc_ctrl::om_opb::no_list
+			      | ta_alloc_ctrl::om_opb::_16x4byte
                               | ta_alloc_ctrl::o_opb::_16x4byte;
 
   constexpr struct opb_size opb_size = { .opaque = 16 * 4
-				       , .opaque_modifier = 0
+				       , .opaque_modifier = 16 * 4
 				       , .translucent = 0
 				       , .translucent_modifier = 0
 				       , .punch_through = 0
 				       };
 
-  constexpr uint32_t tiles = (640 / 32) * (320 / 32);
-
   holly.SOFTRESET = softreset::pipeline_soft_reset
 		  | softreset::ta_soft_reset;
   holly.SOFTRESET = 0;
@@ -138,17 +205,59 @@ void main()
   uint32_t frame_ix = 0;
   constexpr uint32_t num_frames = 1;
 
+  float theta = 0;
+
   while (true) {
-    ta_polygon_converter_init(opb_size.total() * tiles, ta_alloc);
-    uint32_t ta_parameter_size = transform(ta_parameter_buf, strip_vertices, strip_length);
-    ta_polygon_converter_transfer(ta_parameter_buf, ta_parameter_size);
-    ta_wait_opaque_list();
+    ta_polygon_converter_init(opb_size.total(),
+			      ta_alloc,
+			      640 / 32,
+			      480 / 32);
+    auto parameter = ta_parameter_writer(ta_parameter_buf);
+    { // plane
+      vec4 color = {1.0, 0.9, 0.4, 0.2};
+      float scale = 2.f;
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < plane::num_faces; i++) {
+        transform_polygon(parameter,
+                          plane::vertices,
+                          plane::faces[i],
+                          scale,
+                          color,
+                          theta);
+      }
+
+      /*
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cube::num_faces; i++) {
+        transform_polygon(parameter,
+                          cube::vertices,
+                          cube::faces[i],
+                          1.f,
+                          {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+      }
+      */
+    }
+    // end of opaque list
+    parameter.append<global_end_of_list>() = global_end_of_list();
+
+    { // cube
+      float scale = 1.f;
+      transform_modifier_volume(parameter,
+                                cube::vertices,
+                                cube::faces,
+                                cube::num_faces,
+                                scale);
+    }
+    // end of opaque modifier list
+    parameter.append<global_end_of_list>() = global_end_of_list();
+
+    ta_polygon_converter_transfer(ta_parameter_buf, parameter.offset);
+    ta_wait_opaque_modifier_volume_list();
 
     core_start_render(frame_ix, num_frames);
 
     v_sync_in();
     core_wait_end_of_render_video(frame_ix, num_frames);
 
+    constexpr float half_degree = 0.01745329f / 2;
     theta += half_degree;
     frame_ix += 1;
   }
diff --git a/example/wiffle_attenuation.cpp b/example/wiffle_attenuation.cpp
index 23c97e8..d87b24e 100644
--- a/example/wiffle_attenuation.cpp
+++ b/example/wiffle_attenuation.cpp
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 #include "memorymap.hpp"
 #include "serial.hpp"
 
-#include "geometry/icosphere.hpp"
-#include "geometry/suzanne.hpp"
 #include "geometry/wiffle.hpp"
 #include "math/vec4.hpp"
 
diff --git a/geometry/cube.hpp b/geometry/cube.hpp
index e69de29..3a3b11d 100644
--- a/geometry/cube.hpp
+++ b/geometry/cube.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "geometry.hpp"
+
+namespace cube {
+  constexpr vec3 vertices[] = {
+    { -1.000000f, -1.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    { -1.000000f,  1.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    { -1.000000f, -1.000000f, -1.000000f },
+    { -1.000000f,  1.000000f, -1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f, -1.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f,  1.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f, -1.000000f, -1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f,  1.000000f, -1.000000f },
+  };
+  
+  constexpr vec2 texture[] = {
+    {  1.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f,  0.000000f },
+    {  0.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    {  0.000000f,  0.000000f },
+  };
+  
+  constexpr vec3 normals[] = {
+    { -1.000000f, -0.000000f, -0.000000f },
+    { -0.000000f, -0.000000f, -1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f, -0.000000f, -0.000000f },
+    { -0.000000f, -0.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    { -0.000000f, -1.000000f, -0.000000f },
+    { -0.000000f,  1.000000f, -0.000000f },
+  };
+  
+  constexpr face faces[] = {
+    {{1, 0, 0}, {2, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}},
+    {{3, 1, 1}, {6, 2, 1}, {2, 3, 1}},
+    {{7, 0, 2}, {4, 3, 2}, {6, 1, 2}},
+    {{5, 2, 3}, {0, 1, 3}, {4, 3, 3}},
+    {{6, 2, 4}, {0, 1, 4}, {2, 0, 4}},
+    {{3, 1, 5}, {5, 2, 5}, {7, 3, 5}},
+    {{1, 0, 0}, {3, 1, 0}, {2, 0, 0}},
+    {{3, 1, 1}, {7, 0, 1}, {6, 2, 1}},
+    {{7, 0, 2}, {5, 2, 2}, {4, 3, 2}},
+    {{5, 2, 3}, {1, 0, 3}, {0, 1, 3}},
+    {{6, 2, 4}, {4, 3, 4}, {0, 1, 4}},
+    {{3, 1, 5}, {1, 0, 5}, {5, 2, 5}},
+  };
+  
+  constexpr uint32_t num_faces = (sizeof (faces)) / (sizeof (face));
+  
+}
diff --git a/geometry/geometry.hpp b/geometry/geometry.hpp
index cf47830..cd865a5 100644
--- a/geometry/geometry.hpp
+++ b/geometry/geometry.hpp
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ using vec2 = vec<2, float>;
 using vec3 = vec<3, float>;
 using vec4 = vec<4, float>;
 
-struct vertex__normal {
+struct vertex__texture__normal {
   uint16_t vertex;
   uint16_t texture;
   uint16_t normal;
 };
 
-using face = vertex__normal[3];
+using face = vertex__texture__normal[3];
diff --git a/geometry/plane.hpp b/geometry/plane.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79af336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/geometry/plane.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "geometry.hpp"
+
+namespace plane {
+  constexpr vec3 vertices[] = {
+    { -1.000000f,  0.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f,  0.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    { -1.000000f,  0.000000f, -1.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f,  0.000000f, -1.000000f },
+  };
+  
+  constexpr vec2 texture[] = {
+    {  1.000000f,  0.000000f },
+    {  0.000000f,  1.000000f },
+    {  0.000000f,  0.000000f },
+    {  1.000000f,  1.000000f },
+  };
+  
+  constexpr vec3 normals[] = {
+    { -0.000000f,  1.000000f, -0.000000f },
+  };
+  
+  constexpr face faces[] = {
+    {{1, 0, 0}, {2, 1, 0}, {0, 2, 0}},
+    {{1, 0, 0}, {3, 3, 0}, {2, 1, 0}},
+  };
+  
+  constexpr uint32_t num_faces = (sizeof (faces)) / (sizeof (face));
+  
+}
diff --git a/holly/core.cpp b/holly/core.cpp
index d712f8d..061f914 100644
--- a/holly/core.cpp
+++ b/holly/core.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ void core_init()
   holly.ISP_FEED_CFG   = isp_feed_cfg::cache_size_for_translucency(0x200)
                        | isp_feed_cfg::punch_through_chunk_size(0x040);
 
-  holly.FPU_SHAD_SCALE = fpu_shad_scale::scale_factor_for_shadows(1);
+  holly.FPU_SHAD_SCALE = fpu_shad_scale::simple_shadow_enable::intensity_volume_mode
+                       | fpu_shad_scale::scale_factor_for_shadows(127);
   holly.FPU_CULL_VAL   = _i(1.f);
   holly.FPU_PERP_VAL   = _i(0.f);
   holly.SPAN_SORT_CFG  = span_sort_cfg::span_sort_enable
@@ -81,6 +82,8 @@ void core_start_render(uint32_t frame_ix, uint32_t num_frames)
 		    frame_ix, num_frames);
 }
 
+static bool flycast_bug = 0;
+
 void core_wait_end_of_render_video()
 {
   /*
diff --git a/holly/isp_tsp.hpp b/holly/isp_tsp.hpp
index e1d524a..9886b30 100644
--- a/holly/isp_tsp.hpp
+++ b/holly/isp_tsp.hpp
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ namespace isp_tsp_instruction_word {
     constexpr uint32_t always = 7 << 29;
   }
 
+  namespace volume_instruction {
+    constexpr uint32_t normal_polygon = 0 << 29;
+    constexpr uint32_t inside_last_polygon = 1 << 29;
+    constexpr uint32_t outside_last_polygon = 1 << 29;
+  }
+
   namespace culling_mode {
     constexpr uint32_t no_culling = 0 << 27;
     constexpr uint32_t cull_if_small = 1 << 27;     // compared to FPU_CULL_VAL
diff --git a/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.cpp b/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.cpp
index 904a6d2..feab290 100644
--- a/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.cpp
+++ b/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.cpp
@@ -111,6 +111,13 @@ void ta_wait_opaque_list()
   system.ISTNRM = ISTNRM__END_OF_TRANSFERRING_OPAQUE_LIST;
 }
 
+void ta_wait_opaque_modifier_volume_list()
+{
+  while ((system.ISTNRM & ISTNRM__END_OF_TRANSFERRING_OPAQUE_MODIFIER_VOLUME_LIST) == 0);
+
+  system.ISTNRM = ISTNRM__END_OF_TRANSFERRING_OPAQUE_MODIFIER_VOLUME_LIST;
+}
+
 void ta_wait_translucent_list()
 {
   while ((system.ISTNRM & ISTNRM__END_OF_TRANSFERRING_TRANSLUCENT_LIST) == 0);
diff --git a/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.hpp b/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.hpp
index 29f36d2..dab1fd8 100644
--- a/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.hpp
+++ b/holly/ta_fifo_polygon_converter.hpp
@@ -10,5 +10,6 @@ void ta_polygon_converter_cont(uint32_t ol_base_offset,
 			       uint32_t ta_alloc);
 void ta_polygon_converter_transfer(volatile uint32_t * buf, uint32_t size);
 void ta_wait_opaque_list();
+void ta_wait_opaque_modifier_volume_list();
 void ta_wait_translucent_list();
 void ta_wait_punch_through_list();
diff --git a/holly/ta_parameter.hpp b/holly/ta_parameter.hpp
index 6548e20..dff45e8 100644
--- a/holly/ta_parameter.hpp
+++ b/holly/ta_parameter.hpp
@@ -44,7 +44,14 @@ namespace group_control {
 
 namespace obj_control {
   constexpr uint32_t shadow = 1 << 7;
-  constexpr uint32_t volume = 1 << 6;
+  namespace volume {
+    namespace polygon {
+      constexpr uint32_t with_two_volumes = 1 << 6;
+    }
+    namespace modifier_volume {
+      constexpr uint32_t last_in_volume = 1 << 6;
+    }
+  }
 
   namespace col_type {
     constexpr uint32_t packed_color     = 0 << 4;
@@ -61,6 +68,20 @@ namespace obj_control {
 
 static_assert((sizeof (float)) == (sizeof (uint32_t)));
 
+constexpr uint32_t polygon_vertex_parameter_control_word(const bool end_of_strip)
+{
+  return para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
+       | (end_of_strip ? para_control::end_of_strip : 0);
+}
+
+constexpr uint32_t modifier_volume_vertex_parameter_control_word()
+{
+  // DCDBSysArc990907E page 212 indirectly suggests the end_of_strip bit should
+  // always be set.
+  return para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
+       | para_control::end_of_strip;
+}
+
 struct vertex_polygon_type_0 {
   uint32_t parameter_control_word;
   float x;
@@ -71,15 +92,13 @@ struct vertex_polygon_type_0 {
   uint32_t base_color;
   uint32_t _res2;
 
-  vertex_polygon_type_0(const float x,
+  vertex_polygon_type_0(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                        const float x,
                         const float y,
                         const float z,
-                        const uint32_t base_color,
-                        const bool end_of_strip
+                        const uint32_t base_color
                         )
-    : parameter_control_word( para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
-			    | (end_of_strip ? para_control::end_of_strip : 0)
-                            )
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
     , x(x)
     , y(y)
     , z(z)
@@ -100,18 +119,16 @@ struct vertex_polygon_type_1 {
   float base_color_g;
   float base_color_b;
 
-  vertex_polygon_type_1(const float x,
+  vertex_polygon_type_1(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                        const float x,
                         const float y,
                         const float z,
                         const float base_color_alpha,
                         const float base_color_r,
                         const float base_color_g,
-                        const float base_color_b,
-                        const bool end_of_strip
+                        const float base_color_b
                         )
-    : parameter_control_word( para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
-			    | (end_of_strip ? para_control::end_of_strip : 0)
-                            )
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
     , x(x)
     , y(y)
     , z(z)
@@ -132,15 +149,13 @@ struct vertex_polygon_type_2 {
   float base_intensity;
   uint32_t _res2;
 
-  vertex_polygon_type_2(const float x,
+  vertex_polygon_type_2(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                        const float x,
                         const float y,
                         const float z,
-                        const float base_intensity,
-                        const bool end_of_strip
+                        const float base_intensity
                         )
-    : parameter_control_word( para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
-			    | (end_of_strip ? para_control::end_of_strip : 0)
-                            )
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
     , x(x)
     , y(y)
     , z(z)
@@ -161,17 +176,15 @@ struct vertex_polygon_type_3 {
   uint32_t base_color;
   uint32_t offset_color;
 
-  vertex_polygon_type_3(const float x,
+  vertex_polygon_type_3(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                        const float x,
                         const float y,
                         const float z,
                         const float u,
                         const float v,
-                        const uint32_t base_color,
-                        const bool end_of_strip
+                        const uint32_t base_color
                         )
-    : parameter_control_word( para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
-			    | (end_of_strip ? para_control::end_of_strip : 0)
-			    )
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
     , x(x)
     , y(y)
     , z(z)
@@ -202,16 +215,14 @@ struct vertex_polygon_type_4 {
   uint32_t base_color;
   uint32_t offset_color;
 
-  vertex_polygon_type_4(const float x,
+  vertex_polygon_type_4(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                        const float x,
                         const float y,
                         const float z,
                         const uint32_t uv,
-                        const uint32_t base_color,
-                        const bool end_of_strip
+                        const uint32_t base_color
                         )
-    : parameter_control_word( para_control::para_type::vertex_parameter
-			    | (end_of_strip ? para_control::end_of_strip : 0)
-			    )
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
     , x(x)
     , y(y)
     , z(z)
@@ -367,6 +378,31 @@ struct global_sprite {
 
 static_assert((sizeof (global_sprite)) == 32);
 
+struct global_modifier_volume {
+  uint32_t parameter_control_word;
+  uint32_t isp_tsp_instruction_word;
+  uint32_t _res0;
+  uint32_t _res1;
+  uint32_t _res2;
+  uint32_t _res3;
+  uint32_t _res4;
+  uint32_t _res5;
+
+  global_modifier_volume(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                         const uint32_t isp_tsp_instruction_word)
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
+    , isp_tsp_instruction_word(isp_tsp_instruction_word)
+    , _res0(0)
+    , _res1(0)
+    , _res2(0)
+    , _res3(0)
+    , _res4(0)
+    , _res5(0)
+  { }
+};
+
+static_assert((sizeof (global_modifier_volume)) == 32);
+
 struct vertex_sprite_type_0 {
   uint32_t parameter_control_word;
   float ax;
@@ -470,6 +506,56 @@ struct vertex_sprite_type_1 {
 
 static_assert((sizeof (vertex_sprite_type_1)) == 64);
 
+struct vertex_modifier_volume {
+  uint32_t parameter_control_word;
+  float ax;
+  float ay;
+  float az;
+  float bx;
+  float by;
+  float bz;
+  float cx;
+  float cy;
+  float cz;
+  float _res0;
+  float _res1;
+  float _res2;
+  float _res3;
+  float _res4;
+  float _res5;
+
+  vertex_modifier_volume(const uint32_t parameter_control_word,
+                         const float ax,
+                         const float ay,
+                         const float az,
+                         const float bx,
+                         const float by,
+                         const float bz,
+                         const float cx,
+                         const float cy,
+                         const float cz
+                         )
+    : parameter_control_word(parameter_control_word)
+    , ax(ax)
+    , ay(ay)
+    , az(az)
+    , bx(bx)
+    , by(by)
+    , bz(bz)
+    , cx(cx)
+    , cy(cy)
+    , cz(cz)
+    , _res0(0)
+    , _res1(0)
+    , _res2(0)
+    , _res3(0)
+    , _res4(0)
+    , _res5(0)
+    { }
+};
+
+static_assert((sizeof (vertex_modifier_volume)) == 64);
+
 struct global_end_of_list {
   uint32_t parameter_control_word;
   uint32_t _res0;
diff --git a/math/vec2.hpp b/math/vec2.hpp
index 1197ce2..dc76b80 100644
--- a/math/vec2.hpp
+++ b/math/vec2.hpp
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ struct vec<2, T>
 
 template <typename T>
 inline constexpr vec<2, T>::vec()
-  : x(0), y(0), z(0)
+  : x(0), y(0)
 {}
 
 template <typename T>
 inline constexpr vec<2, T>::vec(T scalar)
-  : x(scalar), y(scalar), z(scalar)
+  : x(scalar), y(scalar)
 {}
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ inline constexpr T const& vec<2, T>::operator[](int i) const
   default: [[fallthrough]];
   case 0: return x;
   case 1: return y;
-  case 2: return z;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/math/vec4.hpp b/math/vec4.hpp
index 4db56d7..bbf7813 100644
--- a/math/vec4.hpp
+++ b/math/vec4.hpp
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ struct vec<4, T>
 {
   union {
     struct { T x, y, z, w; };
-    struct { T r, g, b, a; };
-  }
+    struct { T a, r, g, b; };
+  };
 
   inline constexpr vec();
   inline constexpr vec(T scalar);
diff --git a/tools/obj_to_cpp.py b/tools/obj_to_cpp.py
index 2cb67ab..17a7919 100644
--- a/tools/obj_to_cpp.py
+++ b/tools/obj_to_cpp.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import math
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 import sys
 
@@ -87,9 +88,18 @@ def generate_texture_coordinates(texture_coordinates):
     yield ""
 
 def generate_faces(faces):
+    max_ix = max(
+        i
+        for f in faces
+        for vtn in f
+        for i in [vtn.vertex, vtn.texture, vtn.normal]
+    )
+    align = 1 + math.floor(math.log(max_ix) / math.log(10))
     yield "constexpr face faces[] = {"
+    def align_vtn(vtn):
+        return ", ".join(str(ix).rjust(align) for ix in [vtn.vertex, vtn.texture, vtn.normal])
     for f in faces:
-        inner = ", ".join(f"{{{vtn.vertex:3}, {vtn.texture:3}, {vtn.normal:3}}}" for vtn in f)
+        inner = ", ".join(f"{{{align_vtn(vtn)}}}" for vtn in f)
         yield f"{{{inner}}},"
     yield "};"
     yield ""